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WJEC GCSE flashcards > Biology unit 1 > Flashcards

Biology unit 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

photosynthesis equation

A

carbon dioxide + water → glucose + oxygen

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2
Q

what do food chains show?

A

These diagrams illustrate the movement of food ENERGY from one organism to an other.

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3
Q

use of protein in the body

A

growth and repair of muscles and tissues

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4
Q

use of carbohydrates in the body

A

main source of energy

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5
Q

use of fats in the body

A

secondary source of energy, insulate the body

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6
Q

use of fibre in the body

A

regulate use of sugar, helps move food through the body and prevent constipation

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7
Q

what are the two main cycles in nature

A

the carbon and nitrogen cycle

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8
Q

how to test for the presence of starch

A

iodine solution

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9
Q

how to test for the presence of glucose

A

Benedict’s reagent

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10
Q

how to test for the presence of protein

A

Biuret solution

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11
Q

what is digestion

A

Digestion is the conversion of large, insoluble food molecules into smaller soluble molecules so they can be absorbed into the blood for use by body cells.

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12
Q

what is an enzyme

A

The enzymes act like ‘chemical scissors’ which cut up the large molecules into smaller molecules.

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13
Q

what is the enzyme used to breakup carbohydrates + example

A

carbohydrase enzymes such as salivary amylase

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14
Q

what is the enzyme used to breakup lipids + example

A

lipase enzymes such as pancreatic lipase

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15
Q

what is the enzyme used to breakup proteins + example

A

protease enzymes such as pepsin

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16
Q

what are carbohydrates broken down into

A

glucose molecules

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17
Q

what are proteins broken down into

A

amino acid molecules

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18
Q

what are lipids broken down into

A

fatty acids and glycerol molecules

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19
Q

function of the mouth

A

Site of ingestion.
Teeth chew food - increases the surface area for enzymes to act.
Saliva produced in the salivary glands. Saliva helps moisten and lubricate food.
Chemical digestion of carbohydrates using carbohydrase enzyme (salivary amylase).

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20
Q

function of the stomach

A

Acid kills any bacteria
Start the chemical digestion of proteins into amino acids.

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21
Q

function of the pancreas

A

The pancreas is responsible for producing the digestive enzymes: Carbohydrase, Proteases and Lipases.

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22
Q

function of the small intestine

A

Completes the process of digestion.

Carbohydrase enzymes digest Starch - Glucose
Protease enzymes digest proteins - Amino acids
Lipase enzymes digest lipids - Fatty acids and Glycerol

Absorption - all of the useful small and soluble nutrients are absorbed into the bloodstream.

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23
Q

function of the large intestine

A

The absorption of water and vitamins into the bloodstream.

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24
Q

function of the liver

A

produces bile that is stored in the gall bladder

Synthesis of plasma proteins

Storage of glycogen, vitamins, and minerals.

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25
Q

what is peristalsis

A

This contraction and relaxation of muscles moves food along your gut from mouth to anus.

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26
Q

what is diffusion

A

molecules passing from a high concentration to a low concentration.

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27
Q

By which process do the useful food molecules pass into the capillaries?

A

diffusion

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28
Q

What is the main adaptation of the villi in the small intestines’ for the process of absorption?

A

Increases the surface area for absorption of food nutrients into the blood.

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29
Q

What role do the blood vessels have in the process of absorption?

A

Takes all the useful food nutrients away to the body cells.
Maintains the concentration gradient.

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30
Q

Visking tubing can be used as a model gut. What are the limitations of the model?

A

No surface area - no villi
no blood stream to take away the nutrients

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31
Q

what is the word equation for respiration

A

GLUCOSE + OXYGEN —-> ENERGY + CARBON DIOXIDE + WATER

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32
Q

what is cell theory?

A

‘All living things are made up of cells or cell products’

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33
Q

what is found in the chromosomes?

A

DNA

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34
Q

what provides the energy for photosynthesis

A

the sun

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35
Q

what is the function of the nucleus?

A

controls the activities of the cell and contains the genetic information in chromosomes (DNA)

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36
Q

what is the function of the cytoplasm?

A

it is the site of chemical reactions

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37
Q

what is the function of the cell wall?

A

it provides shape, support and structure to a cell

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38
Q

how do plants trap light energy needed for photosynthesis

A

energy is trapped by the chlorophyll

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39
Q

what is the function of the chloroplasts?

A

it is the site of photosynthesis

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40
Q

what is the function of the cell membrane?

A

It controls which substances enters and leaves the cell

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41
Q

why do most plants appear green in colour

A

because of the large amount of chlorophyll

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42
Q

What is the function of the vacuole?

A

It contains water

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43
Q

What is the function of the mitochondria?

A

It is the site of aerobic respiration

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44
Q

where is chlorophyll found in a plant

A

in the chloroplasts

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45
Q

what is the process called by which energy is released from glucose?

A

Respiration

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46
Q

Which features do plant cells have?

A
  • Nucleus
  • Chloroplast
  • Cytoplasm
  • Cell membrane
  • Cell wall
  • Vacuole
  • Chromosomes
  • Mitochondria
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47
Q

what do plants use glucose created in photosynthesis for

A

some of the glucose is used immediately for respiration but most of it is stored as starch or used to make other chemicals like cellulose.

48
Q

as a result of photosynthesis, light energy from the sun is converted into _______ energy

A

chemical

49
Q

Which features do animal cells have?

A
  • Nucleus
  • Cytoplasm
  • Cell membrane
  • Chromosomes
  • Mitochondria
50
Q

Which features do both plant and animal cells have?

A
  • Nucleus
  • Cytoplasm
  • Cell membrane
  • Chromosomes
  • Mitochondria
51
Q

which part of a plant contains cellulose?

A

cell membrane

52
Q

what is an enzyme

A

a biological catalyst

53
Q

How do you calculate the total magnification?

A

magnifying power x magnifying piece
of eyepiece lens of objective lens

54
Q

how is glucose used by a plant

A

used for respiration and to make other chemicals like proteins and oils

55
Q

what chemical is used to test for starch

A

iodine

56
Q

what are the advantages of a light microscope?

A
  • can be used on live specimen
  • cheap and easy to use
57
Q

what are the disadvantages of a light microscope?

A
  • can only magnify up to 1000 times
58
Q

what is the function of red blood cells

A

carries oxygen around the body

59
Q

what are the advantages of an electron microscope?

A
  • can magnify up to 50,000 times.
  • much more detail visible
60
Q

what are the disadvantages of an electron microscope?

A
  • Can only observe dead tissue
  • very expensive
  • big and complex
61
Q

what is the function of white blood cells

A

defence against disease

62
Q

what do phagocytes do

A

engulf and digest pathogens

63
Q

where are phagocytes found

A

in white blood cells

64
Q

what is osmosis

A

Osmosis is the diffusion of water molecules from an area of high water concentration to an area of low water concentration through a selectively permeable membrane.

65
Q

what is a selectively permeable membrane

A

a ‘wall’ that lets some molecules through but not others e.g a cell membrane

66
Q

what is a concentrated solution

A

has a high solute concentration and therefore a low water concentration

67
Q

what is a dilute solution

A

has a low solute concentration and therefore a high water concentration

68
Q

name two examples of solute molecules

A

salts
sugars

69
Q

what is the purpose of pores in a selectively permeable membrane

A

The pores in the membrane allow small water molecules to pass through.

70
Q

what are tissues

A

Groups of similar cells with a
similar function.

71
Q

what is an organ

A

Several tissues performing specific
functions.

72
Q

what is an organ system

A

A number of organs working together to carry
out specific functions.

73
Q

name an example of an organ system

A

the circulatory system

74
Q

what 3 factors can affect the rate of diffusion

A

concentration
temperature
pressure

75
Q

how is a visking tube similar to a cell membrane

A

it also has a selectively permeable membrane.
It has tiny holes (pores), which allow small molecules through, but stop molecules that are too large to fit through them.

76
Q

what is active transport

A

When the concentration of a material is lower outside the cell it must be actively transported into the cell

77
Q

name 3 examples of active transport

A

Nitrate ions must be actively transported from the soil water to the inside of the plant cells

Glucose actively transported from the small intestine into the blood.

Marine algae can use active transport to concentrate iodine in their cells

78
Q

what is an enzyme

A

an enzyme is a biological catalyst; it speeds up a reaction, but it does not
take part in the reaction.

79
Q

how do enzymes work

A

The way enzymes work is
described by the lock and key
model.

80
Q

why is a substrate held in the active site of an enzyme

A

to increase the probability that a
reaction will take place.

81
Q

when do enzymes work best

A
  • at the optimum pH
  • at the right temperature
  • with the right molecule (they can only catalyze one type of molecule)
82
Q

what is denaturation

A

when an enzyme’s active site changes shape due to a change in conditions and stops working

83
Q

what form of energy is released in respiration

A

ATP molecules

84
Q

what is aerobic respiration

A

when food glucose is converted into energy in the presence of oxygen.

85
Q

what are the waste products in respiration

A

water and carbon dioxide

86
Q

what is anaerobic respiration

A

this occurs without oxygen and releases less energy but more quickly than aerobic respiration.

87
Q

what is 1 advantage of anaerobic respiration

A

Muscles can release energy for a short period when not enough oxygen is
available, e.g. 100m sprints.

88
Q

what are 2 disadvantages of anaerobic respiration

A
  • Lactic acid is released which is harmful to the body.
  • Not suitable for activities that require energy release over a long period
    of time, e.g. a long-distance run.
89
Q

what is oxygen debt

A

a temporary oxygen shortage in the body tissues because of exercise

90
Q

when does oxygen debt occur

A

After using anaerobic respiration to release energy

91
Q

what are the 2 functions of the respiratory system

A
  • get oxygen into the blood
  • remove carbon dioxide from the blood.
92
Q

what is inspiration

A

breathing in

93
Q

what is expiration

A

breathing out

94
Q

the respiratory system can be modeled with a bell jar and balloon. how is the model similar to the body? (name 3 reasons)

A
  • approximately the same shape
  • inflates and deflates
  • domed up position matches position when air is exhaled
95
Q

the respiratory system can be modeled with a bell jar and balloon. how is the model different to the body? (name 3 reasons)

A
  • has no muscles attached to the ‘ribs’ and so cannot move up/down/in/out
  • balloon does not fill the space
  • no tubes with terminal alveoli
96
Q

what are alveoli

A
  • the respiratory surface of the lungs.
  • full of air and are covered on the outside by blood capillaries.
97
Q

what does plasma do in the blood

A

carries dissolved substances

98
Q

what is plasma

A

This is the liquid part of blood. It is pale yellow in colour and is 90% water.

99
Q

what does the vena cava do in the heart

A

carries blood from the organs of the body to the right
atrium.

100
Q

what does the aorta do

A

carries blood from the heart to the organs of the body.

101
Q

what do platelets do in the blood

A

clot the blood

102
Q

what are 3 characteristics of a red blood cell

A

No nucleus present
Regular disc shaped
Smaller than white blood cells

103
Q

what are 3 characteristics of a white blood cell

A

Nucleus present
Irregular shape
Larger than red blood cells

104
Q

why is the numbers of organisms in a food chain limited

A

there is energy lost at each step of a food chain, so there’s less available for
the next animal.
The more energy lost every step, the shorter the food chain.

105
Q

how is energy lost in animals

A
  • egestion (faeces)
  • excretion (urine)
  • repair of tissues
  • dead animals
106
Q

why do animals lose more heat than plants

A

because they have a higher metabolism and they move around

107
Q

why do warm blooded animals lose more heat than cold blooded animals

A

because they need to keep their body temperature constant

108
Q

why is less energy lost if humans eat plants

A

because the food chain is shorter

109
Q

what does a pyramid of number show about feeding

A

they show the number of organisms in a given area

110
Q

what do pyramids of biomass show about feeding

A

they show the dry mass of organisms in a given area or volume for every feeding level.

111
Q

how are alveoli adapted for gaseous exchange

A
  • good blood supply so more gas can be exchanged
  • moist lining to dissolve oxygen
  • large surface area to increase exchange
  • thin walls to encourage diffusion
112
Q

what is a unicellular organism

A

a living organism made of only one cell

113
Q

what are specialized cells

A

cells designed to carry out a particular role in the body

114
Q

name 2 examples of specialized cells

A
  • red blood cells are designed to carry oxygen
  • Nerve cells help contraction of muscles or the relaxation of muscles
115
Q

does diffusion require energy to take place

A

no

WJEC GCSE flashcards (11 decks)

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