Chemistry Presentation Flashcards
CHEMISTRY
Study of smallest forms of matter: atoms and molecules
Atom
Smallest form of matter
Matter smaller than atoms = subatomic particles
HOW MANY NATURALLY OCCURRING TYPES OF ATOMS ARE THERE?
90 Elements
Name the three subatomic particles that compose atoms
Electrons
Protons
Neutrons
Protons
Postitive electrical charge
Found in cluster at center of nucleus
Assigned a mass of 1amu
NEUTRONS
No electrical charge
Found clustered at center of nucleus
Assigned a mass of 1amu
ELECTRONS
Negative electrical charge
Orbit the nucleus at specific distances travelling at the speed of light
Insignificant mass (considered zero)
PROPERTIES OF ATOMS DEFINITION
Aspects about atomic structure that determines chemical and physical properties and how it will interact with other atoms
ATOMIC NUMBER
Number of protons in the nucleus
This determines what type of atom it is. All atoms of the same element have the same number of protons
ATOMIC MASS
Mass of the atom
Number of protons plus number of neutrons
ELECTRON LOCATION
Electrons orbit nucleus due to the protons; positive charge in the nucleus
Energy levels: distances at which electrons orbit nucleus
Max number of electrons per energy level
Level 1: 2 electrons
Level 2-7: 8 electrons
WHAT ARE VALENCE ELECTRONS
HOW MANY VALENCE ELECTRONS CAN AN ATOM HAVE?
Outermost electrons
An atom can have 1-8 valence electrons
ATOMIC CHARGE
NEUTRALITY
An atom containing an equal number of protons and electrons
ATOMIC STABILITY
Atoms have a tendency to try having a full outermost energy level.
Atoms are considered stable if they have a full energy level
Atoms will try to achieve stability by:
Taking electrons from other atoms to complete the existing outermost energy level
Allowing electrons to be taken away to get rid of an incomplete energy level
Sharing electrons with other atoms
ION
An atom with an overall positive or negative charge
Atoms become this way by gaining or losing electrons in order to achieve stability
Atoms will give up being neutral in order to become stable
ANION
CATION
Anion - Negative ions
Cation - Positive ions
Molecule
Any combination of two or more atoms bonded together
BONDS
3 TYPES
Ionic bond: moderately weak. Electrostatic attraction: anions and cations are drawn
Covalent bond: Shared electrons resulting in stability
Hydrogen bond: among molecules: partially positive atom in one molecule attracted to partially negative atom in another molecule (attracted to one end of the molecule)
SOLUTE
SOLVENT
SOLUTION
SOLUTE: Small particles of a substance placed into and mixed with a fluid
SOLVENT: The fluids that solutes are placed into
SOLUTION: A mixture with these properties:
Solute particles need to be around the same size as the solvent particles
Transparency (allows light through)
Solute must be able to pass through biological membranes
Final combination must show no signs of solute settling
ELECTROLYTES
Definition - function - Most common ions
2 TYPES OF ELECTROLYTES
A molecule that breaks up into individual ions when placed into water
Essential for nerve and muscle functions bc they help generate and play a role in electrical signals in the body
Most common ions: Sodium, Potassium, Calcium, Magnesium and Chlorine
2 types: Acids, Bases
ACID
Hydrogen donors: release hydrogen ions when placed in water
0-7 on pH scale
BASE
Accept hydrogen ions when placed in water
7-14 on pH scale = alkaline
ORGANIC MOLECULES
Composed primarily by element Carbon
INORGANIC MOLECULES
Contain no carbon
5 COMMON TYPES OF ORGANIC MOLECULES
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic Acids
Nucleotides
CARBOHYDRATES
Composed of what types of atoms
Primarily used for what
Structure
3 kinds
Composed of Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen atoms
Primarily used for energy in the body
Basic structure is a carbon ring with 6 carbons, 12 hydrogens and 6 oxygen
Basic carbon rings can be strung together to form larger carbs:
Monosaccharides, Disaccharides, Polysaccharides
MONOSACCHARIDES
Definition
Use
3 most common
Simplest forms of carbs - single ring
Used for energy and as building blocks (monomers) of larger carbs
Glucose = blood sugar
Galactose = similar to glucose but not easily used by our bodies. Easily converted.
Fructose = sugar found in fruit and honey, converted to glucose in our bodies.
DISACCHARIDES
Definition
Use
3 most common
Two monosaccharides bonded together used primarily for energy
A specific enzyme is used to break apart the bonded monos.
Sucrose = cane sugar
Lactose = milk sugar
Maltose = found in some grains
POLYSACCHARIDES
Long chains of monosaccharides
Cellulose: used by plants for structure, undigestable (fiber)
Starch: used by plants for energy storage, digested into single monos
Glycogen: used by animals to store extra energy. Long chain of glucose molecules
LIPIDS
Composition
Specific property
4 types
Composed of carbon, hydrogen, and very few oxygen atoms - carbon atoms often exist as linear chains surrounded by mostly hydrogen atoms
Hydrophobic
4 types:
Fatty Acids
Triglycerides
Phospholipid
Steroids
FATTY ACIDS
Simplest type of lipid molecule
Single, linear chain of at least 4 carbon atoms surrounded by hydrogen atoms with acid group on one end
Can be saturated or unsaturated
Saturated = every available bond along cabon chain is with a hydrogen atom
Unsaturated = at least 2 carbon atoms are double bonded to each other
Used for energy and for building more complex lipids
TRIGLYCERIDES
Type of lipid molecule
Group of 3 fatty acids attac hed to a glycerol molecule
Used to store fatty acids in adipose tissue for energy
In substantial quantities they provide thermal insulation and cushioning
PHOSPHOLIPID
Type of lipid molecule
Two fatty acids attached to a phosphate molecule
Phosphate end is hydrophilic
Fatty acids (tails) are hydrophobic
^Called AMPHIPHILIC
Used to create membranes around cells and organelles
STEROIDS
Type of Lipid molecule
Four rings of carbon atoms bonded together
Cholesterol is used to stabilize plasma membranes around cells and to create the other types of steroids
Other steroid molecules are used as hormones (chemical messengers) for communication from cell to cell
PROTEINS
Structure
Amino acid composition
8 functions
Structure: very large molecules composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen atoms
These atoms come together first to form amino acid molecules
Protein = 50+ amino acids
Peptides = less than 50 amino acids
Functions:
Membrane transport
Catalysis
Recognition
Protection
Movement
Cell adhesion
AMINO ACIDS
Definition
Composition
20 kinds - how many essential and what is the other kind?
4 examples of the 20 kinds
Smallest protein-related molecule
Assembled using peptide bonds
9 are essential (must be consumed)
11 can be produced in the body
4 ex
Methionine
Cysteine
Tyrosine
Argenine
NUCLEIC ACIDS
Large molecules involved in the process of how to make proteins
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) molecule containing info along its length for the order of amino acids needed to make the body’s proteins
RNA (ribonucleic acid) comes in several forms that help to interpret the info found along the DNA molecule
