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Anatomy & Physiology 2400 > Chemistry Presentation > Flashcards

Chemistry Presentation Flashcards

1
Q

CHEMISTRY

A

Study of smallest forms of matter: atoms and molecules

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2
Q

Atom

A

Smallest form of matter
Matter smaller than atoms = subatomic particles

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3
Q

HOW MANY NATURALLY OCCURRING TYPES OF ATOMS ARE THERE?

A

90 Elements

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4
Q

Name the three subatomic particles that compose atoms

A

Electrons
Protons
Neutrons

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5
Q

Protons

A

Postitive electrical charge
Found in cluster at center of nucleus
Assigned a mass of 1amu

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6
Q

NEUTRONS

A

No electrical charge
Found clustered at center of nucleus
Assigned a mass of 1amu

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7
Q

ELECTRONS

A

Negative electrical charge
Orbit the nucleus at specific distances travelling at the speed of light
Insignificant mass (considered zero)

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8
Q

PROPERTIES OF ATOMS DEFINITION

A

Aspects about atomic structure that determines chemical and physical properties and how it will interact with other atoms

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9
Q

ATOMIC NUMBER

A

Number of protons in the nucleus
This determines what type of atom it is. All atoms of the same element have the same number of protons

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10
Q

ATOMIC MASS

A

Mass of the atom
Number of protons plus number of neutrons

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11
Q

ELECTRON LOCATION

A

Electrons orbit nucleus due to the protons; positive charge in the nucleus
Energy levels: distances at which electrons orbit nucleus

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12
Q

Max number of electrons per energy level

A

Level 1: 2 electrons
Level 2-7: 8 electrons

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13
Q

WHAT ARE VALENCE ELECTRONS
HOW MANY VALENCE ELECTRONS CAN AN ATOM HAVE?

A

Outermost electrons
An atom can have 1-8 valence electrons

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14
Q

ATOMIC CHARGE
NEUTRALITY

A

An atom containing an equal number of protons and electrons

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15
Q

ATOMIC STABILITY

A

Atoms have a tendency to try having a full outermost energy level.
Atoms are considered stable if they have a full energy level
Atoms will try to achieve stability by:
Taking electrons from other atoms to complete the existing outermost energy level
Allowing electrons to be taken away to get rid of an incomplete energy level
Sharing electrons with other atoms

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16
Q

ION

A

An atom with an overall positive or negative charge
Atoms become this way by gaining or losing electrons in order to achieve stability
Atoms will give up being neutral in order to become stable

17
Q

ANION
CATION

A

Anion - Negative ions
Cation - Positive ions

18
Q

Molecule

A

Any combination of two or more atoms bonded together

19
Q

BONDS
3 TYPES

A

Ionic bond: moderately weak. Electrostatic attraction: anions and cations are drawn
Covalent bond: Shared electrons resulting in stability
Hydrogen bond: among molecules: partially positive atom in one molecule attracted to partially negative atom in another molecule (attracted to one end of the molecule)

20
Q

SOLUTE
SOLVENT
SOLUTION

A

SOLUTE: Small particles of a substance placed into and mixed with a fluid
SOLVENT: The fluids that solutes are placed into
SOLUTION: A mixture with these properties:
Solute particles need to be around the same size as the solvent particles
Transparency (allows light through)
Solute must be able to pass through biological membranes
Final combination must show no signs of solute settling

21
Q

ELECTROLYTES
Definition - function - Most common ions
2 TYPES OF ELECTROLYTES

A

A molecule that breaks up into individual ions when placed into water
Essential for nerve and muscle functions bc they help generate and play a role in electrical signals in the body
Most common ions: Sodium, Potassium, Calcium, Magnesium and Chlorine
2 types: Acids, Bases

22
Q

ACID

A

Hydrogen donors: release hydrogen ions when placed in water
0-7 on pH scale

23
Q

BASE

A

Accept hydrogen ions when placed in water
7-14 on pH scale = alkaline

24
Q

ORGANIC MOLECULES

A

Composed primarily by element Carbon

25
Q

INORGANIC MOLECULES

A

Contain no carbon

26
Q

5 COMMON TYPES OF ORGANIC MOLECULES

A

Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic Acids
Nucleotides

27
Q

CARBOHYDRATES
Composed of what types of atoms
Primarily used for what
Structure
3 kinds

A

Composed of Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen atoms
Primarily used for energy in the body
Basic structure is a carbon ring with 6 carbons, 12 hydrogens and 6 oxygen
Basic carbon rings can be strung together to form larger carbs:
Monosaccharides, Disaccharides, Polysaccharides

28
Q

MONOSACCHARIDES
Definition
Use
3 most common

A

Simplest forms of carbs - single ring
Used for energy and as building blocks (monomers) of larger carbs
Glucose = blood sugar
Galactose = similar to glucose but not easily used by our bodies. Easily converted.
Fructose = sugar found in fruit and honey, converted to glucose in our bodies.

29
Q

DISACCHARIDES
Definition
Use
3 most common

A

Two monosaccharides bonded together used primarily for energy
A specific enzyme is used to break apart the bonded monos.
Sucrose = cane sugar
Lactose = milk sugar
Maltose = found in some grains

30
Q

POLYSACCHARIDES

A

Long chains of monosaccharides
Cellulose: used by plants for structure, undigestable (fiber)
Starch: used by plants for energy storage, digested into single monos
Glycogen: used by animals to store extra energy. Long chain of glucose molecules

31
Q

LIPIDS
Composition
Specific property
4 types

A

Composed of carbon, hydrogen, and very few oxygen atoms - carbon atoms often exist as linear chains surrounded by mostly hydrogen atoms
Hydrophobic
4 types:
Fatty Acids
Triglycerides
Phospholipid
Steroids

32
Q

FATTY ACIDS

A

Simplest type of lipid molecule
Single, linear chain of at least 4 carbon atoms surrounded by hydrogen atoms with acid group on one end
Can be saturated or unsaturated
Saturated = every available bond along cabon chain is with a hydrogen atom
Unsaturated = at least 2 carbon atoms are double bonded to each other
Used for energy and for building more complex lipids

33
Q

TRIGLYCERIDES

A

Type of lipid molecule
Group of 3 fatty acids attac hed to a glycerol molecule
Used to store fatty acids in adipose tissue for energy
In substantial quantities they provide thermal insulation and cushioning

34
Q

PHOSPHOLIPID

A

Type of lipid molecule
Two fatty acids attached to a phosphate molecule
Phosphate end is hydrophilic
Fatty acids (tails) are hydrophobic
^Called AMPHIPHILIC
Used to create membranes around cells and organelles

35
Q

STEROIDS

A

Type of Lipid molecule
Four rings of carbon atoms bonded together
Cholesterol is used to stabilize plasma membranes around cells and to create the other types of steroids
Other steroid molecules are used as hormones (chemical messengers) for communication from cell to cell

36
Q

PROTEINS
Structure
Amino acid composition
8 functions

A

Structure: very large molecules composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen atoms
These atoms come together first to form amino acid molecules
Protein = 50+ amino acids
Peptides = less than 50 amino acids
Functions:
Membrane transport
Catalysis
Recognition
Protection
Movement
Cell adhesion

37
Q

AMINO ACIDS
Definition
Composition
20 kinds - how many essential and what is the other kind?
4 examples of the 20 kinds

A

Smallest protein-related molecule
Assembled using peptide bonds
9 are essential (must be consumed)
11 can be produced in the body

4 ex
Methionine
Cysteine
Tyrosine
Argenine

38
Q

NUCLEIC ACIDS

A

Large molecules involved in the process of how to make proteins
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) molecule containing info along its length for the order of amino acids needed to make the body’s proteins
RNA (ribonucleic acid) comes in several forms that help to interpret the info found along the DNA molecule

Anatomy & Physiology 2400 (10 decks)

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