Chemistry&Physics-Nagelhout 15

Question 1

What is a covalent bond

Answer 1

Sharing of electrons - nonmetal:nonmetal

Question 2

What is an ionic bond

Answer 2

Nonmetal:metal bond - transfer of electrons. Stronger than covalent

Question 3

What is are structural isomers

Answer 3

Molecules have same chemical formula but different structures. have different physical and chemical properties

Question 4

What are stereoisomers

Answer 4

Molecules have similar geometrical arrangement but differ in spatial position. Can be enantiomers or diasteromers

Question 5

What are enantiomers

Answer 5

Mirror images of one another, cannot be superimposed
possess similar chemical and physical properties. Are optically active and can rotate light in a clockwise (+) or counter clockwise (-) directions

Question 6

Racemic chemical composition contain ____% of levo form of an isomer and _____% of a dextro form of the isomer

Answer 6

50/50

Question 7

What in enthalpy

Answer 7

The total amount of energy possessed by a system. Total of all kinetic and potential energy.

Question 8

What are hydrocarbons

Answer 8

molecules composed entirely of carbon and hydrogen atoms

Question 9

What are saturated and unstaurated hydrocarbons

Answer 9

Single bonded carbon chains with all available carbons bonds attached to hydrogen (-ane, alkanes)

Unsaturated HC: have one or more double bonds between carbon atoms (-ene, alkenes)

Question 10

What are amines

Answer 10

Derivatives of ammonia. (NH3) and have the general formula : NR3 only one or two of the R groups can be hydrogen

Ketamine, Dopamine, Epi

Question 11

What are alcohols

Answer 11

R-OH
OH is the hydroxyl group. Highly polar

Question 12

What are phenols

Answer 12

R-OH but the R is a cyclic - benzene group
Propofol!

Question 13

What are ethers (name 3 anesthetics)

Answer 13

R-O-R’
highly flammable. Halogenated ethers: Sevo, Des, and Iso

Question 14

What is a carbonyl group

Answer 14

C = O
carbon double bond to oxygen

Question 15

Aldehyde general formula

Answer 15

R-C=O
I
H

Question 16

Ketone general formula

Answer 16

RCOR’

Question 17

Carboxylic Acid general formula

Answer 17

RCOOH

Question 18

Esters general formula

Answer 18

RCOOR
Procaine, Benzocaine “one eyed esters”

Question 19

Amides general formula

Answer 19

RCONH2, RCONHR, RCONR2
Lidocaine, Bupivacaine, Prilocaine

Question 20

Describe solubility trend of solids and liquids related to temperature

Answer 20

As temperature increases solids and liquids become more soluble. Usually endothermic process

Question 21

Describe solubility of gases related to temperature

Answer 21

As temperature goes up, gases become less soluble.

Question 22

Describes Henry’s Law

Answer 22

At constant temperature, the amount of gas dissolved in a liquid is directly proportional to the partial pressure of that gas at equilibrium above the gas-liquid surface.

(Nitrous oxide, held to a liquid under higher pressure)

Question 23

Describes Graham’s Law

Answer 23

The faster diffusion of smaller molecules compared to larger molecules. Describes how molecular weight impacts diffusion

Question 24

Describe Fick’s Law

Answer 24

Diffusion of gas across a semipermeable membrane is directly proportional to:
partial pressure gradient
membrane solubility of the gas
membrane area

inversely proportional to:
membrance thickness
molecular weight of the gas

Question 25

Equation for Force

Answer 25

F = mass x acceleration

Question 26

Equation for Pressure

Answer 26

Pressure = force / area