Chemistry&Physics-Nagelhout 15 Flashcards
What is a covalent bond
Sharing of electrons - nonmetal:nonmetal
What is an ionic bond
Nonmetal:metal bond - transfer of electrons. Stronger than covalent
What is are structural isomers
Molecules have same chemical formula but different structures. have different physical and chemical properties
What are stereoisomers
Molecules have similar geometrical arrangement but differ in spatial position. Can be enantiomers or diasteromers
What are enantiomers
Mirror images of one another, cannot be superimposed
possess similar chemical and physical properties. Are optically active and can rotate light in a clockwise (+) or counter clockwise (-) directions
Racemic chemical composition contain ____% of levo form of an isomer and _____% of a dextro form of the isomer
50/50
What in enthalpy
The total amount of energy possessed by a system. Total of all kinetic and potential energy.
What are hydrocarbons
molecules composed entirely of carbon and hydrogen atoms
What are saturated and unstaurated hydrocarbons
Single bonded carbon chains with all available carbons bonds attached to hydrogen (-ane, alkanes)
Unsaturated HC: have one or more double bonds between carbon atoms (-ene, alkenes)
What are amines
Derivatives of ammonia. (NH3) and have the general formula : NR3 only one or two of the R groups can be hydrogen
Ketamine, Dopamine, Epi
What are alcohols
R-OH
OH is the hydroxyl group. Highly polar
What are phenols
R-OH but the R is a cyclic - benzene group
Propofol!
What are ethers (name 3 anesthetics)
R-O-R’
highly flammable. Halogenated ethers: Sevo, Des, and Iso
What is a carbonyl group
C = O
carbon double bond to oxygen
Aldehyde general formula
R-C=O
I
H
Ketone general formula
RCOR’
Carboxylic Acid general formula
RCOOH
Esters general formula
RCOOR
Procaine, Benzocaine “one eyed esters”
Amides general formula
RCONH2, RCONHR, RCONR2
Lidocaine, Bupivacaine, Prilocaine
Describe solubility trend of solids and liquids related to temperature
As temperature increases solids and liquids become more soluble. Usually endothermic process
Describe solubility of gases related to temperature
As temperature goes up, gases become less soluble.
Describes Henry’s Law
At constant temperature, the amount of gas dissolved in a liquid is directly proportional to the partial pressure of that gas at equilibrium above the gas-liquid surface.
(Nitrous oxide, held to a liquid under higher pressure)
Describes Graham’s Law
The faster diffusion of smaller molecules compared to larger molecules. Describes how molecular weight impacts diffusion
Describe Fick’s Law
Diffusion of gas across a semipermeable membrane is directly proportional to:
partial pressure gradient
membrane solubility of the gas
membrane area
inversely proportional to:
membrance thickness
molecular weight of the gas
Equation for Force
F = mass x acceleration
Equation for Pressure
Pressure = force / area
