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Anesthesia Fast Facts > Chemistry & Physics > Flashcards

Chemistry & Physics Flashcards

1
Q

3 elements that compose over 97% of the human body?

A

hydrogen 63%
oxygen 24%
carbon 11 %

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2
Q

weakest intermolecular force that results in lower boiling points and higher SVPs?

A

london dispersion

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3
Q

How much volume does 1 mole of hydrogen occupy at 0 degrees C and 1 atm?

A

22.4 L

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4
Q

Volatile anesthetics are fluorinated to reduce:

A

toxicity
flammability
time to recovery after administration

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5
Q

Law that describes what happens to a helium balloon when you take it out in the cold and it shrinks?

A

Charles Law

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6
Q

law that describes the sudden hypoxia that can ensue after discontinuing nitrous oxide?

A

Fick’s law of diffusion

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7
Q

law that is the basis for the mechanism of air-O2 dilution that occurs in the Venturi mask?

A

Bernoulli’s Principle

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8
Q

Which physics laws explain why patients may desaturate quickly when you turn off nitrous oxide? (2)

A

Graham’s law

Fick’s Law of diffusion

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9
Q

Atomic Properties: The number of ____ in an atom distinguishes that element from others & ____ determines its reactivity.

A

Protons

Electrons

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10
Q

Octet Rule & Reactivity of electrons in atoms

A

Atoms are more stable with 8 electrons in the outer shell. Electrons in the outermost shell are called valence electrons.

Electrons on the higher energy levels / outer levels require less energy to be removed in an atom, so those electrons are most likely to be involved in reactions

Atoms will work to obtain 8 in their outer shell by 1) ionizing or 2) sharing electrons with other atoms… both lead to bonding with other atoms to form molecules

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11
Q

2 major types of bonds

A

Ionic

Covalent

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12
Q

Ions

A

Electrons are gained or lost.

Atoms fill their outer shells by completely acquiring or losing electrons and in doing so become ionized (cations, anions)

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13
Q

Covalent Bonds

A

The physical sharing of electrons

Sharing of electrons between atoms
Single Bonds, Double Bonds, Triple Bonds

Often involves Carbon

Are stronger than electrostatic bonds

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14
Q

Ionic (Electrostatic) Bonds

A

Bonds made by the attraction of electrons between atoms

  1. ion-to-ion interactions [strong] ex: Na+ Cl- become NaCl
  2. ion-to-dipole interactions [weaker] ex: Na and Cl ions bond to water molecules
  3. dipole-to-dipole interactions [weakest] ex: water molecules forms weak bonds with one another (surface tension)
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15
Q

Induced dipoles

A

momentary uneven spatial distribution of electrons, may lead to weak bonding between usually nonpolar molecules

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16
Q

What are London Dispersion Forces?

A

induced dipole bonding

weakest of all molecular bonds

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17
Q

What are Hydrocarbons?

A

molecules made up of entirely C & H atoms

Saturated = alkanes
(all available C sites are occupied by a H)

Unsaturated
double-bonded = alkenes
triple-bonded = alkynes
(bonds between the Carbon atoms)

18
Q

The functional group of Volatile Anesthetics?

A

methyl ethyl ethers

19
Q

The functional groups of local anesthetics

A

amino-esters
amino-amides

*diff functional groups mean different properties (such as metabolism)

20
Q

Substances that have greater intermolecular forces have:

A
  • greater surface tension
  • lower saturated vapor pressures
  • higher boiling points
  • higher melting temperatures
  • lower freezing points
21
Q

Gas solubility, temperature, and kinetic energy

A
  • inversely related to temperature… as temp increases, less gas is able to dissolve into a liquid
  • increased temp represents increased kinetic energy that allows dissolved gas molecules to escape
  • lower temp slows the kinetic energy of gas allowing them to dissolve into liquids
22
Q

Gas solubility in a liquid is directly proportional to _____, as described by Henry’s Law

A

pressure

-increasing the partial pressure of a gas above a liquid will increase the amount of gas that dissolves in the liquid

23
Q

Isomers are

A

isomers are molecules with the same chemical formula but their atoms differ in position

enantiomers = mirror images, cannot be superimposed, have similar chemical and physical properties. this is what “racemic mixtures” are

24
Q

Fick’s Law of Diffusion: 5 factors of diffusion of a gas through a membrane:

A

directly proportional to diffusion

1) concentration gradient
2) tissue area
3) gas/tissue solubility

inversely proportional to diffusion:

4) membrane thickness
5) molecular weight

25
Q

Standard atmosphere pressure

A

1 atm = 760 mm Hg

26
Q

the volume of 1 mole of any gas at 0 C

A

22.4 L

27
Q

Absolute Zero

A

(0K or −273.15C) is void of all energy.

28
Q

Temperature Conversions

A

C to F = 1.8C + 32 = F

F to C = (F-32) x (5/9) = C

C to K = C + 273 = K

29
Q

Charles’ Law

A

Constant: Pressure

V1/T1 = V2/T2

30
Q

Boyle’s Law

A

Constant: Temperature

P1V1 = P2V2

31
Q

Gay-Lussac’s Law

A

Constant: Volume

P1/T1 = P2/T2

32
Q

Flow through tubes

A

Poiseuile’s law is analogous to Ohm’s law

Flow is directly related to the pressure drop (gradient) across the system and is inversely related to resistance

F = (P1-P2)/R

33
Q

Poiseuille Law and flow through a tube

A
  • the radius of the tube will have the most dramatic effect on flow

Laminar Flow:
F = (πr⁴∆P)/(8∗η∗l)

F = rate of blood flow
∆P = pressure difference
r = radius 
l = length 
η = viscosity
34
Q

Velocity

A

distance/time

ex: cm/sec

35
Q

Flow rate

A

volume/time

ex: ml/min

36
Q

Laminar flow and viscosity

A

laminar flow the velocity difference between layers depends on the ease with which the layers slide on one another or the viscosity of the fluid

37
Q

Flow passing through a narrowing is described by what Law of Physics?

A

Bernoulli’s Principle

As flow passes through a narrowing in a tube, the velocity of that flow increases, and there is a corresponding decrease in pressure at the area of narrowing

  • the same that goes in must come out, so where the diameter is smaller the flow must increase
  • narrowing also leads to turbulance
38
Q

Critical Velocity

A

velocity above which flow changes from laminar to turbulent

Reynolds number > 2000 indicates turbulent flow

39
Q

Turbulent flow is promoted by? (3 things)

A
  • low viscosity
  • large tube diameter
  • high density (mass/volume)
40
Q

Turbulent flow depends on _____ and Laminar flow depends on ______. (viscosity/density)

A 
Turbulent = density
Laminar = viscosity
41
Q

Venturi Effect

A

Utilizes the pressure drop across a narrowing in a tube. By placing an orifice at the narrowed region of flow where the pressure is lower, fluid or air is allowed to be entrained and enter the flow. It creates an injector. Fluid/Air may be entrained into a flow of liquid or gas.

42
Q

Coanda effect

A

The tendency of fluid flow to does not return to its original path after flowing through a constriction or around a curved surface

Anesthesia Fast Facts (24 decks)

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