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NMAT 2025 > Chemistry: Organic Chemistry > Flashcards

Chemistry: Organic Chemistry Flashcards

1
Q

Aromatic character is denoted by ________.

A

Having conjugated pi bonds in resonance, allowing for more stability

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2
Q

A compound that contains an EDG in the ring is (more/less) aromatic than a compound that contains an EWG (EN).

A

More

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3
Q

______ is present in drinks and has a concentration as high as 45%. It destroys brain cells and inhibits protein synthesis in the heart, damages the liver, causes nausea, sweating, and rapid heartbeats, and decreases blood pressure

A

Ethanol

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4
Q

The Markovnikov’s rule (esp. for addition of halogens as HX) states that X bonds with the atom that is (more saturated/less saturated) with hydrogen.

A

Less saturated

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5
Q

If a compound rapidly decolorizes in a solution of bromine in an inert solvent, the compound is _______.

A

Unsaturated

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6
Q

Ozonolysis, which uses O3 to uncleave unsaturated compounds, replaces unsaturated bonds with __________.

A

Double bonds with oxygen

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7
Q

Grignard reagent is (nucleophilic/electrophilic) and when added to CO2, _______ is formed after acidification.

A

Nucleophilic, carboxylic acid

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8
Q

Process involving conversion of fat, oil, or lipid into soap and alcohol by action of aqueous alkali

A

Saponification

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9
Q

Chemical process by which an alkyl group is attached to an organic substrate molecule via addition or substitution

A

Alkylation

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10
Q

Process of combining an organic acid (RCOOH) with an alcohol (ROH) to form an ester (RCOOR) and water

A

Esterification

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11
Q

If the value of K is (greater/less) than 1, the products in the reaction are favored. If the value of K is (greater/less) than 1, the reactants in the reaction are favored

A

Greater, less

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12
Q

Ratio of the equilibrium concentrations of products over the equilibrium concentrations of reactants each raised to the power of their stoichiometric coefficients

A

Kc

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13
Q

If all coefficients of the equilibrium equation are divided by 2, the Kc is decreased by what factor

A

By square root of the Kc

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14
Q

Seven metalloids

A

Boron (B), silicon (Si), germanium (Ge), arsenic (As), antimony (Sb), tellurium (Te), and polonium (Po)

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15
Q

(T/F): An element melts at a definite temperature.

A

TRUE.

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16
Q

(Metals/metalloids/nonmetals) have high MP, good conductors of elec/heat, high density, malleable, ductile, solid at room temp

A

Metals

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17
Q

Oxides that combine with metals form _____ whereas oxides that combine with nonmetals form _____. (Acids/bases)

A

Bases, acids

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18
Q

Only metal which is liquid at room temperature

A

Mercury

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19
Q

(T/F): All metals are hard.

A

FALSE.

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20
Q

(T/F): All metals can combine with oxygen easily.

A

FALSE.

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21
Q

(T/F): All metals are good conductors of heat and electricity.

A

TRUE.

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22
Q

Scattering of a beam of light by a medium containing small suspended particles

A

Tyndall effect

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23
Q

Higher vapor pressure (higher/lower) the amount of pressure exerted on the liquid by the atmosphere, resulting in (higher/lower) boiling point.

A

Lowers, lower

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24
Q

Entropy (increases/decreases) total number of product molecules is greater than the total number of reactant molecules, except when nongaseous products make a gaseous product.

A

Increases

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25
Q

Haloalkanes are heated with aqueous _______________ to form alcohols.

A

Sodium or potassium hydroxide

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26
Q

Organic compounds are mostly soluble in (polar/nonpolar) solvents like hexane and ether.

A

Nonpolar

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27
Q

Organic compounds are (usually/not usually) combustible and flammable.

A

Usually

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28
Q

Region in space about the nucleus where electrons are located; mostly described as electron clouds

A

Atomic orbital

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29
Q

(S/p) orbitals are spherical in shape whereas (s/p) orbitals are dumb bell shaped

A

S, p

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30
Q

Orbitals that are in the same energy level; describes the 3 p orbitals

A

Degenerate

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31
Q

Mixing or overlapping of orbitals

A

Hybridization

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32
Q

Head to head overlap of orbitals are called _____ whereas lateral/sideways overlap form ________; which of the two are weaker?

A

Sigma bonds, pi bonds; pi bond (presence of node or 0 e- density)

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33
Q

Type of hybridization associated with trigonal planar; number of sigma and pi bonds

A

sp^2; 3 sigma and 1 pi bond

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34
Q

What functional group is characterized by R-O-R; how is it named?

A

Ethers; [smaller]oxy[bigger] or [smaller] [bigger] ether

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35
Q

What functional group is characterized by R-SH? How is it named?

A

Thiol; [parent]thiol & mercapto- as a substi

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36
Q

What functional group is characterized by R-S-R?; how is it named?

A

Thioether; -thioether or [parents] sulfide

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37
Q

What functional group is characterized by R-C=OH; how is it named?

A

Aldehyde; -al

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38
Q

What functional group is characterized by R-C=O-R; how is it named?

A

Ketone; -one

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39
Q

What functional group is characterized by R-COOH; how is it named?

A

Carboxylic acid; -oic acid

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40
Q

What functional group is characterized by R-COX; how is it named?

A

Acid halide; -oyl halide

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41
Q

What functional group is characterized by R-C=O-O-C=O-R; how is it named?

A

Acid anhydride; [parent]oic [parent]oic anhydride, includes carbonyl C

42
Q

What functional group is characterized by R-C=O-OR’; how is it named?

A

Ester; [alkyl] [alkanoate]

alkanoate is the one connected to the C=O (not OR’), includes carbonyl C

43
Q

What functional group is characterized by R-N; how is it named?

A

Amine; -amine

44
Q

What functional group is characterized by R-C=O-N; how is it named?

A

Amide; -amide

45
Q

Attachment of atoms (usually E & Nu) to a substrate; typically involves breakage of a double bond (A=B + E-Nu –> EA - BNu)

A

Addition

46
Q

Removal of atoms (usually E & Nu) from a molecule (adjacent carbons); leads to formation of double bond

A

Elimination

47
Q

Joining of two molecules together with the elimination of small molecules such as water. Usually involves a _____ and a functional group with reactive H like alcohols or amines (e.g. esterification)

A

Condensation; carboxylic acid

48
Q

Replacement of one atom/group in a substrate with another atom or functional group

A

Substitution

49
Q

Increase in bonding with oxygen atom and/or decrease in bonding with hydrogen atom; brought about by _____ agents (which are oxygen-rich) like strong acids

A

Oxidation; oxidating agents

50
Q

_______ agents are hydrogen-rich, and include ______ reagent (NH2NH2 in KOH) and ______ reagent (zinc amalgam; Zn/Hg in HCl)

A

Reducing; Wolff-Kishner; Clemmensen

51
Q

Cycloalkanes are function isomers of (alkanes/alkenes/alkynes).

A

Alkenes (general formula CnH2n)

52
Q

(Isobutyl/tert-butyl) uses itself for alphabetization but (isobutyl/tert-butyl) uses butyl.

A

Isobutyl, tert-butyl

53
Q

Carbon atoms in a molecule are classified as 1º, 2º, 3º, and 4º according to the number of _____ atoms that are bonded to it.

A

Carbon

54
Q

Alkanes are usually (inert/reactive).

A

Inert

55
Q

Heating in the absence of oxygen to breakdown larger alkanes into smaller ones (e.g. C6H14 –> C4H10 + C2H4)

A

Pyrolytic cracking

56
Q

Addition of halogen to alkanes (reagent: Cl2 or Br2) as catalyst by light (UV) which occurs via free radical mechanism; for alkenes, occurs in a dark room at room temp in inert solvent to give a vicinal dihalide

A

Halogenation

57
Q

Product of halogenation of alkanes is a mix of ________ and the predominance is (1º>2º>3º / 3º>2º>1º)

A

Alkyl halides, 3º>2º>1º

58
Q

Type of isomerism where bonded groups exist in different orientation in space

A

Geometric isomerism

59
Q

For a __substituted alkene, cis- and trans- are used to indicate whether the attached groups are located on the same or opposite sides.

A

Di

60
Q

(Cis/trans) alkenes are more stable but (cis/trans) alkenes have higher boiling points

A

Trans, cis

61
Q

The __________ is used in determining the geometric isomerism of tri and tetra substituted alkenes.

A

E/Z designation

62
Q

In the E/Z designation, when high priority groups (based on MW) on each side are at the same side, then it’s designated as (E/Z) isomer.

A

Z isomer

63
Q

Combustion, pyrolytic cracking, and halogenation are reactions of (alkanes/alkenes/alkynes)

A

Alkanes

64
Q

Hydrogenation, Bayer’s test, and ozonolysis are reactions of (alkanes/alkenes/alkynes).

A

Alkenes

65
Q

Alkenes are reactive due to the presence of the weaker ________.

A

Pi bond

66
Q

Hydrogenation, or the addition of H (reduction) across a double bond, requires one mole of H2 in _____, _____, or _______ for every mole of unsaturation.

A

Nickel (Ni), palladium (Pd), or platinum (Pt)

67
Q

Oxidative test used for detection of unsaturation using KMnO4 in base to form MnO2 brown precipitate upon reaction

A

Bayer’s test

68
Q

Bayer’s test gives what product

A

Cis-diol (both unsaturated carbons get -OH on same side)

69
Q

Reason for Markovnikov addition

A

Nu (not H) adds to the more stable carbocation, which is the more substituted C

70
Q

Alkynes are _____ when the triple bond is located at the end or head of the structure, and ____ when it is located internally

A

Terminal alkyne, internal alkyne

71
Q

(T/F): alkynes undergo the same reactions as alkenes but require twice the amount of reagent because of the two pi bonds

A

TRUE.

72
Q

Ozonolysis of (terminal/internal) alkynes produce carboxylic acid and carbon dioxide versus two carboxylic acids

A

Terminal

73
Q

Conjugated aromatic compounds like ______ is the carcinogen found in automobile exhaust and charbroiled food; metabolized in the liver as a reactive epoxide that causes mutation

A

Benzopyrene

74
Q

(T/F): Many compounds of benzene are carcinogenic

A

TRUE.

75
Q

Replacement of H atom on the aromatic ring by a strong electrophilic species

A

Electrophilic aromatic substitution

76
Q

EAS where H is replaced by X using X2, uses what catalyst

A

Halogenation, FeX2

77
Q

EAS where H is replaced by NO2 using HNO3, uses what catalyst

A

Nitration, H2SO4

78
Q

EAS where H is replaced by SO3H using SO3, uses what catalyst

A

Sulfonation, H2SO4

79
Q

EAS where H is replaced by R using RX, uses what catalyst

A

Friedel-Crafts Alkylation, AlX3

80
Q

EAS where H is replaced by C=OR using RC=O-X, uses what catalyst

A

Friedel-Crafts Acylation

81
Q

In EAS, EDGs (activate/deactivate) the reaction and direct the product to the (meta-/ortho- or para-) position

A

Activate, ortho- or para-

82
Q

For alcohols, increase in alkyl chains (increases/decreases) polarity and boiling point

A

Decreases

83
Q

Oxidation series of primary alcohol?

A

Alcohol, carbonyl, carboxylic acid

84
Q

(T/F): Both secondary and tertiary alcohols are unreactive.

A

Only tertiary alcohols are unreactive

85
Q

Acid-catalyzed removal of water from an alcohol to form a substituted or stable alkene

A

Dehydration

86
Q

Aldehydes are oxidized to ________, and ketones are oxidized to _______

A

Carboxylic acid, none

87
Q

Tollen’s test, which oxidizes aldehydes and not ketones, involves __________ and results in formation of silver mirror.

A

AgNO3 in NH3

88
Q

Benedict’s test and Fehling’s test, which oxidize aldehydes and not ketones, involves ______ and _____ respectively and results in the formation of red precipitate (Cu2O)

A

CuSO4 in NaOH; curpric sulfate in Rochelle salt

89
Q

Aldehydes are reduced to ________ while ketones are reduced to ________ with the use of NaBH4, LiAlH4, or Gringard Reagent

A

Primary alcohols, secondary alcohols

90
Q

Strong acids and strong oxidizing reagents (Bayer’s, Jones or CrO3) oxidize 1º and 2º alcohols to ______ and _____ respectively, while weak oxidizing agents (e.g. Rosemund or PCC) only oxidizes 1º alcohols to ______

A

Carboxylic acids, ketones; aldehydes

91
Q

Addition of nucleophilic compound such as alcohol on the carbonyl group

A

Nucleophilic addition

92
Q

Nucleophilic addition of aldehydes and ketones gives ________ and _____ with the addition of one molecule of alcohol, while addition of anotehr alcohol yields _____ and _____

A

Hemiacetal and hemiketal; acetal and ketal

Note: OR from ROH attaches to C, and C=O becomes C-OH

93
Q

Smaller pKa means (stronger/weaker) acid

A

Stronger

94
Q

Condensation of carboxylic acids with alcohol forms an _______ and water

A

Ester

95
Q

Condensation of carboxylic acids with amine forms an ______ and water

A

Amide

96
Q

Condensation of carboxylic acids with carboxylic acids forms _______ and water

A

Acid anhydride

97
Q

Condensation of carboxylic acids with thionyl chloride (SO2Cl) forms _________

A

Acid chloride

98
Q

In electrophilic addition, which is added first (electrophile/nucleophile)

A

Electrophile first, then nucleophile adds to carbocation

99
Q

Electrophilic addition of alkenes that involves addition of -X and -OH using X2 and H2O in nucleophilic solvent (OH acts as Nu)

A

Halohydrin formation

100
Q

Radical addition of HBr to alkenes is possible in the presence of _______.

A

Peroxides

101
Q

If the product of the reaction between C2H4 and HBr is treated with aqueous NaOH, you get…

A

C2H5OH + NaBr

102
Q

(T/F): Alcohol denatures proteins

A

TRUE.

NMAT 2025 (11 decks)

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