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NMAT 2025 > Biology: Cell Biology > Flashcards

Biology: Cell Biology Flashcards

1
Q

Stage in interphase wherein cellular contents (except chromosomes) are duplicated

A

G1

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2
Q

Stage in interphase wherein chromosomes are replicated

A

S

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3
Q

Stage in interphase wherein the cell checks and repairs the duplicated chromosomes

A

G2

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4
Q

Cytoskeletal structure of eukaryotic cells that forms during cell division to separate sister chromatids between daughter cells

A

Mitotic spindle

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5
Q

Point of origin of the mitotic spindle

A

Centrosome

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6
Q

The centrosome is composed of two ______, which are barrel shaped and consist of microtubule triplets arranged in a 9+2 circle.

A

Centrioles

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7
Q

Stage in mitosis wherein the centrioles, which have divided, form asters and move apart until they are at opposite poles

A

Prophase

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8
Q

Stage in mitosis wherein the nucleolus and nuclear membrane disintegrate and eventually disappear

A

Prophase

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9
Q

Stage in mitosis wherein the chromosomes align at the equatorial plate

A

Metaphase

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10
Q

During metaphase, the centromeres are attached to _____________.

A

Spindle fibres

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11
Q

(T/F): During metaphase, motor proteins are critical for the movement of chromosomes toward the metaphase plate by achieving a balance of forces on microtubules.

A

TRUE

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12
Q

Stage in mitosis wherein the centromeres split, each half going to their respective poles and the cell membrane beginning to pinch at the center

A

Anaphase

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13
Q

When the centromeres split, ______ shorten and depolymerize, allowing chromosomes to travel to opposite poles.

A

Kinetochore microtubules

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14
Q

Stage wherein the cell membrane completely constricts and the nuclear membrane forms around each set of chromosomes

A

Telophase

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15
Q

In meiosis, chromosomes do not replicate during _________.

A

Interphase II (between telophase I and prophase II); note that they replicate during interphase I

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16
Q

A diploid cell has 28 chromosomes. When meiosis occurs, how many chromosomes are there during Prophase I?

A

56 chromosomes

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17
Q

Part of the cell that has its own DNA, RNA, and ribosomes

A

Mitochondria

18
Q

Mitochondrial membrane that is smooth and porous

A

Outer mitochondrial membrane

19
Q

Mitochondrial membrane that is less porous, semipermeable, and has several infoldings called _______

A

Inner mitochondrial membrane, cristae

20
Q

Cell part responsible for protein synthesis and processing, having ribosomes attached to it

A

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

21
Q

The (rough/smooth) endoplasmic reticulum is continuous with the nuclear membrane.

A

Rough

22
Q

Cell part responsible for steroid synthesis

A

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

23
Q

The smooth endoplasmic reticulum acts as a ________ _______ in muscles, acting as a calcium reservoir.

A

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

24
Q

Cell part responsible for post-translational protein modifications and transports proteins to plasma membrane via vesicular exocytosis

A

Golgi apparatus

25
Q

Face of Golgi apparatus that is near the RER; receives transfer vesicles with immature proteins

A

Cis face

26
Q

Face of Golgi apparatus with secretory vesicles that export proteins via exocytosis

A

Trans face

27
Q

Arrange the flow of proteins:
I. Trans face of Golgi
II. Rough ER
III. Plasma membrane
IV. Cis face of Golgi

A

II. Rough ER, IV. Cis face of Golgi, I. Trans face of Golgi, III. Plasma membrane

28
Q

Each time water in a cell freezes slowly, long crystals spear through the membrane structures of the cell. However, in the frozen state, virtually no chemical reactions occur. The most likely explanation for the bad taste of meat that has “freeze burn” from repeated freezing is the destruction of

A

Lysosomes and resultant autodigestion

29
Q

Four evidences for endosymbiotic theory

A

Membranes (have own membranes)
DNA (have their own circular DNA like bacteria)
Reproduction (multiply by pinching in half)
Ribosomes (have own ribosomes similar to those of bacteria)

30
Q

(T/F): Mitochondria and chloroplasts can actively break away from eukaryotic cells and live on their own.

A

FALSE

31
Q

Part of cell that covers the cell and its membrane bound organelles

A

Plasma membrane

32
Q

(T/F): The fluid mosaic model describes the membrane bilayer as protein icebergs in a sea of lipids.

A

TRUE

33
Q

In low temperature, cholesterol (increases/decreases) membrane fluidity.

A

Increases (interferes with fatty acid interactions); in higher temp., it decreases fluidity by preventing movement due to bulkiness.

34
Q

Proteins that are found within the cellular membrane

A

Integral proteins

35
Q

Proteins that are found attached outside the cellular membrane

A

Peripheral proteins

36
Q

Carbohydrates in the cell membrane participate in cell ___________.

A

Recognition and adhesion

37
Q

(T/F): Cell membrane carbohydrates act as a physical barrier.

A

TRUE

38
Q

Organelle in plant cells that is full of water, which is a reservoir, waste dump, storage region for food, and a means of keeping the cell in shape

A

Central vacuole

39
Q

Three reasons why cells are small

A

Plasma membrane is for transport, must move quickly thru cytoplasm, nucleus can only control a certain amount of cytoplasm

40
Q

Which of the following is not involved in movement/transport of materials in the cell? (RER/SER/lysosomes)

A

Lysosomes

41
Q

To release energy from ATP, the cell breaks the _________ bond.

A

Terminal phosphate

42
Q

Respiration breaks down energy-rich organics to synthesize ___.

A

ATP

NMAT 2025 (11 decks)

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