Biology: Cell Biology Flashcards
Stage in interphase wherein cellular contents (except chromosomes) are duplicated
G1
Stage in interphase wherein chromosomes are replicated
S
Stage in interphase wherein the cell checks and repairs the duplicated chromosomes
G2
Cytoskeletal structure of eukaryotic cells that forms during cell division to separate sister chromatids between daughter cells
Mitotic spindle
Point of origin of the mitotic spindle
Centrosome
The centrosome is composed of two ______, which are barrel shaped and consist of microtubule triplets arranged in a 9+2 circle.
Centrioles
Stage in mitosis wherein the centrioles, which have divided, form asters and move apart until they are at opposite poles
Prophase
Stage in mitosis wherein the nucleolus and nuclear membrane disintegrate and eventually disappear
Prophase
Stage in mitosis wherein the chromosomes align at the equatorial plate
Metaphase
During metaphase, the centromeres are attached to _____________.
Spindle fibres
(T/F): During metaphase, motor proteins are critical for the movement of chromosomes toward the metaphase plate by achieving a balance of forces on microtubules.
TRUE
Stage in mitosis wherein the centromeres split, each half going to their respective poles and the cell membrane beginning to pinch at the center
Anaphase
When the centromeres split, ______ shorten and depolymerize, allowing chromosomes to travel to opposite poles.
Kinetochore microtubules
Stage wherein the cell membrane completely constricts and the nuclear membrane forms around each set of chromosomes
Telophase
In meiosis, chromosomes do not replicate during _________.
Interphase II (between telophase I and prophase II); note that they replicate during interphase I
A diploid cell has 28 chromosomes. When meiosis occurs, how many chromosomes are there during Prophase I?
56 chromosomes
Part of the cell that has its own DNA, RNA, and ribosomes
Mitochondria
Mitochondrial membrane that is smooth and porous
Outer mitochondrial membrane
Mitochondrial membrane that is less porous, semipermeable, and has several infoldings called _______
Inner mitochondrial membrane, cristae
Cell part responsible for protein synthesis and processing, having ribosomes attached to it
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
The (rough/smooth) endoplasmic reticulum is continuous with the nuclear membrane.
Rough
Cell part responsible for steroid synthesis
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
The smooth endoplasmic reticulum acts as a ________ _______ in muscles, acting as a calcium reservoir.
Sarcoplasmic reticulum
Cell part responsible for post-translational protein modifications and transports proteins to plasma membrane via vesicular exocytosis
Golgi apparatus
Face of Golgi apparatus that is near the RER; receives transfer vesicles with immature proteins
Cis face
Face of Golgi apparatus with secretory vesicles that export proteins via exocytosis
Trans face
Arrange the flow of proteins:
I. Trans face of Golgi
II. Rough ER
III. Plasma membrane
IV. Cis face of Golgi
II. Rough ER, IV. Cis face of Golgi, I. Trans face of Golgi, III. Plasma membrane
Each time water in a cell freezes slowly, long crystals spear through the membrane structures of the cell. However, in the frozen state, virtually no chemical reactions occur. The most likely explanation for the bad taste of meat that has “freeze burn” from repeated freezing is the destruction of
Lysosomes and resultant autodigestion
Four evidences for endosymbiotic theory
Membranes (have own membranes)
DNA (have their own circular DNA like bacteria)
Reproduction (multiply by pinching in half)
Ribosomes (have own ribosomes similar to those of bacteria)
(T/F): Mitochondria and chloroplasts can actively break away from eukaryotic cells and live on their own.
FALSE
Part of cell that covers the cell and its membrane bound organelles
Plasma membrane
(T/F): The fluid mosaic model describes the membrane bilayer as protein icebergs in a sea of lipids.
TRUE
In low temperature, cholesterol (increases/decreases) membrane fluidity.
Increases (interferes with fatty acid interactions); in higher temp., it decreases fluidity by preventing movement due to bulkiness.
Proteins that are found within the cellular membrane
Integral proteins
Proteins that are found attached outside the cellular membrane
Peripheral proteins
Carbohydrates in the cell membrane participate in cell ___________.
Recognition and adhesion
(T/F): Cell membrane carbohydrates act as a physical barrier.
TRUE
Organelle in plant cells that is full of water, which is a reservoir, waste dump, storage region for food, and a means of keeping the cell in shape
Central vacuole
Three reasons why cells are small
Plasma membrane is for transport, must move quickly thru cytoplasm, nucleus can only control a certain amount of cytoplasm
Which of the following is not involved in movement/transport of materials in the cell? (RER/SER/lysosomes)
Lysosomes
To release energy from ATP, the cell breaks the _________ bond.
Terminal phosphate
Respiration breaks down energy-rich organics to synthesize ___.
ATP
