Biology: Plant Physiology Flashcards
In the seed, the ______ stores food for the plant and are the first leaves a plant has.
Cotyledons
Hard outside of the seed that protects the embryo
Seed coat
The _______ protect the flower bud before it opens and blossoms into a mature flower, where it looks like green little leaves at the base of the flower.
Sepals
Female part of the flower
Pistil
Located at the top of the style, traps pollen
Stigma (female)
Long slender tube that ends in a rounded oval in the center of flower
Style (female)
Rounded part at the end of the style where pollen travels down once strapped; here, eggs are waiting to be fertilized
Ovary (female)
Male part of the flower that consists of the long filament and the anther
Stamen
Where pollen is made
Anther (male)
(T/F): All flowers have both male and female parts.
FALSE
Distributes water and dissolved minerals upward through the plant, from the roots to the leaves
Xylem
Carries food downward from the leaves to the roots
Phloem
Primary plant tissue type associated with division of new cells for primary growth or repair
Meristematic
Permanent plant tissue type associated with storage, processing, physical support; arises from
Ground or fundamental (bulk), ground meristem
Permanent plant tissue type associated with protection and sometimes nutrient absorption; arises from __________
Dermal, protoderm
Type of plant growth associated with increase in length of roots and shoots, which produces the primary plant body tissues
Primary growth
Permanent plant tissue type associated with transport of fluids/food and physical support; arises from ___________
Vascular, procambium
Primary growth is caused by _________, which give rise to _________
Apical meristems, plant meristems
In the ___________ of the apical meristem, no mitosis occurs as it contains reserve cells
Quiescent center
Type of plant growth associated with thickening of the stem and roots, which is caused by ________.
Secondary growth, lateral/secondary meristems
Plant part that produces secondary xyelm and secondary phloem and gives rise to wood; is only found in _______
Vascular cambium, dicots
Vascular cambium produces phloem to the (inside/outside) and xylem to the (inside/outside)
Outside, inside
Plant part that produces the cork, a tough protective material
Cork cambium
Phellogen gives rise to the ________
Periderm
In stems, the points of attachement of leaves and buds are called
Nodes
Rapid remobilization of minerals creates deficiency first in the (older/younger) leaves.
Older
Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and sulfur are all considered as micronutrients for plants.
TRUE
Number of cotyledons a monocot has, number of cotyledons a dicot has
One, two
(Dicots/monocots) have harder seed coats that do not split, whereas (dicots/monocots) have seed coats that soften and swell with water until the seed coat splits before germination.
Monocots, dicots
Secondary plant growth is rare in (monocots/eudicots).
Monocots
Auxin, which is produced by the apical meristem, makes the _______ dormant. Thus, cutting the apex of the shoot stops auxin production, and causes the plant to become ______.
Lateral buds, bushy
_______ causes ripening of fruits.
Ethylene
(T/F): Bananas release ethylene.
FALSE
Class of plant hormones that promote cell division, or cytokinesis, in plant roots and shoots
Cytokinins
Cytokinins are synthesized in the roots and are usually derived from adenine. They move upward in the _______ and pass into the leaves and fruits
Xylem
Growth response that result in the curvature e of plant
organs toward (+) or away (-) from stimuli
Tropism
In plants, blue (and also violet) light is absorbed by ______.
Phototropins
In response to light, auxins move to (lighter/darker) side, causing elongation of cells on that side.
Darker
The response of roots growing downward is referred
to as
Positive gravitropism (direction of gravity)
The equivalent of tropism in animals, which involves their directional movement to a stimulus is
Taxis
A few seconds after touching the Mimosa pudica plant, its leaflets fold together. This is because the cells become ______ after stimulation because of loss of ____.
Flaccid, K+
Photosynthesis uses solar energy to convert (inorganic/organic) to energy-rich (inorganic/organic) molecules.
Inorganic, organic
The oxygen given off by plants during photosynthesis comes from the
Splitting of water molecules
Van Niel observed that green sulphur photosynthetic bacteria fixed carbon dioxide in presence of _________.
Hydrogen sulfide, likely a source of H of the earliest photosynthesizers
Energy from sunlight is absorbed by ______.
Chlorophyll
In the light-dependent reactions, light is convereted into chemical energy in the form of _____ and ____ (molecules)
NADPH, ATP
Light-dependent reactions take place in the ______ membranes in the ______ (stack), within the _______.
Thylakid, granum, chloroplast
The Calvin cycle is also known as the
Light-independent reactions
In light-independent reactions, energized _____ from the light-dependent reactions provide energy to form carbohydrates from ______.
Electrons, carbon dioxide
(T/F): After the energy is transferred, the energy carrier molecules return to the light-dependent reactions to obtain more energized electrons.
TRUE
(T/F): No enzymes of the light-independent reactions are activated by light.
FALSE
(T/F): Light-independent reactions can only take place in the dark.
FALSE
_______ of the light-dependent reactions consist of a light-harvesting complex and a reaction center.
Photosystems
Pigments in the light-harvesting complex pass light energy to two special ________ molecules in the reaction center, an electron of which is excited by the light then must be replaced.
Chlorophyll a
In photosystem (I/II), the electron comes from the splitting of water, and in photosystem (I/II), the electron comes from the chloroplast ETC.
II, I
_______ is when plants take up oxygen in the light and give out some carbon dioxide where ________ oxygenates RuBP.
Photorespiration, RuBisCO
Micronutrients are needed by plants in (large/small) amounts, and a deficiency will harm them as much as a lack of N or P.
Small
Final product of photosynthesis
Glucose
(T/F): Most of the water taken up by the plant is lost by transpiration through stomata.
TRUE
Plants cannot continue to transpire without wilting if the soil is very dry because the water in the xylem that moves out through the leaves is not being replaced by the _______.
Soil water
Loss of water leaves to turgor, which results in closing of ______ and wilting.
Stomata
Most advanced and widespread type of plants due to aility to attract pollinators and spread seets
Angiosperms or flowering plants
Stages of the flower life cycle
Seed stage, germination, growth, reproduction, pollination, seed spreading
In the seed stage, the seed holds a miniature plant called the ______.
Embryo
(T/F): Some seeds are capable of growing even after many years if they are kept cool and dry.
TRUE
In germination, the stem, called _____, pushes through the soil along with the cotyledons.
Hypocotyl
(T/F): The cotyledons fall after the plant sprouts/germinates and the first true leaves.
TRUE
Condition in which seeds are prevented from germinating even under the favourable environmental conditions for germination
Seed dormancy
Seed dormancy is broken most commonly by __________.
Exposure to moisture
During ______, photosynthesis occurs, sugars are stored in root and stem, root system continues to develop to anchor the plant, the stem grows longer, new leaves grow, and flower buds develop.
Growth
Inside the bud, a tiny (complete/incomplete) flower forms.
Complete
Once pollen travels to the ovary, fertilized eggs (ovules) become ______ during reproduction.
Seeds
In fruit producing plants, the _____ ripens and becomes fruit.
Ovary
In plants with only one set of sexual organs or far apart male/female parts, flowers rely on animals, wind, water to ______.
Carry pollen from male flowers/parts to female flowers/parts
Even flowers that can self-pollinate benefit from being fertilized by pollen from a different plant in the process of ____________, which results in stronger plants.
Cross pollination
During seed ________ or _______, seeds are scattered by wind, animals, water, and humans (gardens).
Spreading, dispersal
