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NMAT 2025 > Biology: Plant Physiology > Flashcards

Biology: Plant Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

In the seed, the ______ stores food for the plant and are the first leaves a plant has.

A

Cotyledons

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2
Q

Hard outside of the seed that protects the embryo

A

Seed coat

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3
Q

The _______ protect the flower bud before it opens and blossoms into a mature flower, where it looks like green little leaves at the base of the flower.

A

Sepals

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4
Q

Female part of the flower

A

Pistil

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5
Q

Located at the top of the style, traps pollen

A

Stigma (female)

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6
Q

Long slender tube that ends in a rounded oval in the center of flower

A

Style (female)

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7
Q

Rounded part at the end of the style where pollen travels down once strapped; here, eggs are waiting to be fertilized

A

Ovary (female)

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8
Q

Male part of the flower that consists of the long filament and the anther

A

Stamen

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9
Q

Where pollen is made

A

Anther (male)

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10
Q

(T/F): All flowers have both male and female parts.

A

FALSE

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11
Q

Distributes water and dissolved minerals upward through the plant, from the roots to the leaves

A

Xylem

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12
Q

Carries food downward from the leaves to the roots

A

Phloem

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13
Q

Primary plant tissue type associated with division of new cells for primary growth or repair

A

Meristematic

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14
Q

Permanent plant tissue type associated with storage, processing, physical support; arises from

A

Ground or fundamental (bulk), ground meristem

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15
Q

Permanent plant tissue type associated with protection and sometimes nutrient absorption; arises from __________

A

Dermal, protoderm

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16
Q

Type of plant growth associated with increase in length of roots and shoots, which produces the primary plant body tissues

A

Primary growth

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17
Q

Permanent plant tissue type associated with transport of fluids/food and physical support; arises from ___________

A

Vascular, procambium

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18
Q

Primary growth is caused by _________, which give rise to _________

A

Apical meristems, plant meristems

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19
Q

In the ___________ of the apical meristem, no mitosis occurs as it contains reserve cells

A

Quiescent center

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20
Q

Type of plant growth associated with thickening of the stem and roots, which is caused by ________.

A

Secondary growth, lateral/secondary meristems

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21
Q

Plant part that produces secondary xyelm and secondary phloem and gives rise to wood; is only found in _______

A

Vascular cambium, dicots

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22
Q

Vascular cambium produces phloem to the (inside/outside) and xylem to the (inside/outside)

A

Outside, inside

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23
Q

Plant part that produces the cork, a tough protective material

A

Cork cambium

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24
Q

Phellogen gives rise to the ________

A

Periderm

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25
Q

In stems, the points of attachement of leaves and buds are called

A

Nodes

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26
Q

Rapid remobilization of minerals creates deficiency first in the (older/younger) leaves.

A

Older

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27
Q

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and sulfur are all considered as micronutrients for plants.

A

TRUE

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28
Q

Number of cotyledons a monocot has, number of cotyledons a dicot has

A

One, two

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29
Q

(Dicots/monocots) have harder seed coats that do not split, whereas (dicots/monocots) have seed coats that soften and swell with water until the seed coat splits before germination.

A

Monocots, dicots

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30
Q

Secondary plant growth is rare in (monocots/eudicots).

A

Monocots

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31
Q

Auxin, which is produced by the apical meristem, makes the _______ dormant. Thus, cutting the apex of the shoot stops auxin production, and causes the plant to become ______.

A

Lateral buds, bushy

32
Q

_______ causes ripening of fruits.

A

Ethylene

33
Q

(T/F): Bananas release ethylene.

A

FALSE

34
Q

Class of plant hormones that promote cell division, or cytokinesis, in plant roots and shoots

A

Cytokinins

35
Q

Cytokinins are synthesized in the roots and are usually derived from adenine. They move upward in the _______ and pass into the leaves and fruits

A

Xylem

36
Q

Growth response that result in the curvature e of plant
organs toward (+) or away (-) from stimuli

A

Tropism

37
Q

In plants, blue (and also violet) light is absorbed by ______.

A

Phototropins

38
Q

In response to light, auxins move to (lighter/darker) side, causing elongation of cells on that side.

A

Darker

39
Q

The response of roots growing downward is referred
to as

A

Positive gravitropism (direction of gravity)

40
Q

The equivalent of tropism in animals, which involves their directional movement to a stimulus is

A

Taxis

41
Q

A few seconds after touching the Mimosa pudica plant, its leaflets fold together. This is because the cells become ______ after stimulation because of loss of ____.

A

Flaccid, K+

42
Q

Photosynthesis uses solar energy to convert (inorganic/organic) to energy-rich (inorganic/organic) molecules.

A

Inorganic, organic

43
Q

The oxygen given off by plants during photosynthesis comes from the

A

Splitting of water molecules

44
Q

Van Niel observed that green sulphur photosynthetic bacteria fixed carbon dioxide in presence of _________.

A

Hydrogen sulfide, likely a source of H of the earliest photosynthesizers

45
Q

Energy from sunlight is absorbed by ______.

A

Chlorophyll

46
Q

In the light-dependent reactions, light is convereted into chemical energy in the form of _____ and ____ (molecules)

A

NADPH, ATP

47
Q

Light-dependent reactions take place in the ______ membranes in the ______ (stack), within the _______.

A

Thylakid, granum, chloroplast

48
Q

The Calvin cycle is also known as the

A

Light-independent reactions

49
Q

In light-independent reactions, energized _____ from the light-dependent reactions provide energy to form carbohydrates from ______.

A

Electrons, carbon dioxide

50
Q

(T/F): After the energy is transferred, the energy carrier molecules return to the light-dependent reactions to obtain more energized electrons.

A

TRUE

51
Q

(T/F): No enzymes of the light-independent reactions are activated by light.

A

FALSE

52
Q

(T/F): Light-independent reactions can only take place in the dark.

A

FALSE

53
Q

_______ of the light-dependent reactions consist of a light-harvesting complex and a reaction center.

A

Photosystems

54
Q

Pigments in the light-harvesting complex pass light energy to two special ________ molecules in the reaction center, an electron of which is excited by the light then must be replaced.

A

Chlorophyll a

55
Q

In photosystem (I/II), the electron comes from the splitting of water, and in photosystem (I/II), the electron comes from the chloroplast ETC.

A

II, I

56
Q

_______ is when plants take up oxygen in the light and give out some carbon dioxide where ________ oxygenates RuBP.

A

Photorespiration, RuBisCO

57
Q

Micronutrients are needed by plants in (large/small) amounts, and a deficiency will harm them as much as a lack of N or P.

A

Small

58
Q

Final product of photosynthesis

A

Glucose

59
Q

(T/F): Most of the water taken up by the plant is lost by transpiration through stomata.

A

TRUE

60
Q

Plants cannot continue to transpire without wilting if the soil is very dry because the water in the xylem that moves out through the leaves is not being replaced by the _______.

A

Soil water

61
Q

Loss of water leaves to turgor, which results in closing of ______ and wilting.

A

Stomata

62
Q

Most advanced and widespread type of plants due to aility to attract pollinators and spread seets

A

Angiosperms or flowering plants

63
Q

Stages of the flower life cycle

A

Seed stage, germination, growth, reproduction, pollination, seed spreading

64
Q

In the seed stage, the seed holds a miniature plant called the ______.

A

Embryo

65
Q

(T/F): Some seeds are capable of growing even after many years if they are kept cool and dry.

A

TRUE

66
Q

In germination, the stem, called _____, pushes through the soil along with the cotyledons.

A

Hypocotyl

67
Q

(T/F): The cotyledons fall after the plant sprouts/germinates and the first true leaves.

A

TRUE

68
Q

Condition in which seeds are prevented from germinating even under the favourable environmental conditions for germination

A

Seed dormancy

69
Q

Seed dormancy is broken most commonly by __________.

A

Exposure to moisture

70
Q

During ______, photosynthesis occurs, sugars are stored in root and stem, root system continues to develop to anchor the plant, the stem grows longer, new leaves grow, and flower buds develop.

A

Growth

71
Q

Inside the bud, a tiny (complete/incomplete) flower forms.

A

Complete

72
Q

Once pollen travels to the ovary, fertilized eggs (ovules) become ______ during reproduction.

A

Seeds

73
Q

In fruit producing plants, the _____ ripens and becomes fruit.

A

Ovary

74
Q

In plants with only one set of sexual organs or far apart male/female parts, flowers rely on animals, wind, water to ______.

A

Carry pollen from male flowers/parts to female flowers/parts

75
Q

Even flowers that can self-pollinate benefit from being fertilized by pollen from a different plant in the process of ____________, which results in stronger plants.

A

Cross pollination

76
Q

During seed ________ or _______, seeds are scattered by wind, animals, water, and humans (gardens).

A

Spreading, dispersal

NMAT 2025 (11 decks)

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