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NMAT 2025 > Biology: General > Flashcards

Biology: General Flashcards

1
Q

Organisms must survive in the areas they live in. Over time these organisms develop features that allow them to better cope with their surroundings. What property is being described?

A

Evolutionary Adaptation

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2
Q

The part of the Earth composed of life is called the biosphere. The biosphere is composed of different ecosystems and each composed of communities of organisms. This hierarchy is observed until we reach the functional unit of life: the cell. Which property describes this?

A

Order or Organization

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3
Q

The makahiya plant (Mimosa pudica) reacts when touched. Some plants grow towards the sunlight. You immediately move your hands away when near a hot surface. These are just some examples of which property of life?

A

Irritability

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4
Q

Hybrids from the wild are rare and may only come from two species that are closely associated with each other. More often, what occurs is that a species passes their own traits creating similar organisms like themselves. This property of life depicts?

A

Reproduction

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5
Q

Plants perform photosynthesis to harvest the energy of the sun. Plants are eaten by herbivores which are then fed by carnivores. In a way, we are getting the energy of the sun when we eat those plants and more indirectly when eating meat. Thus, nourishing us. This property of life is known as?

A

Metabolism

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6
Q

Building blocks of proteins

A

Amino acids

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7
Q

Most abundant element in cells

A

Hydrogen

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8
Q

Level of protein structure of a beta-pleated sheet

A

Secondary

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9
Q

Thymine bonds to which nucleotide

A

Adenine

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10
Q

Structure to which excess energy is deposited

A

Adipose tissue

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11
Q

Reactants of cellular respiration

A

Glucose and oxygen

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12
Q

Step in cellular respiration yielding the greatest number of ATPs

A

Oxidative Phosphorylation

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13
Q

Last substance that is produced in the Krebs cycle

A

Oxaloacetate

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14
Q

Yields 2.5 ATps during ETC

A

NADH

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15
Q

Yields 1.5 ATps during ETC

A

FADH2

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16
Q

Photosynthesis type of process

A

Anabolic

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17
Q

Important product of Calvin cycle

A

glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P)

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18
Q

Special pair of chlorophyll a molecules in photosystem II

A

P680

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19
Q

Calvin Cycle occurs in which part of C4 plants

A

Bundle-sheath cells

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20
Q

Acronym for CAM originates from

A

A specific group of succulents; (Crassulacean Acid Metabolism)

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21
Q

Took an X-ray image of DNA

A

Rosalind Franklin

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22
Q

Small DNA fragments that are linked to the 5’ to 3’ strand during DNA replication

A

Okazaki Fragments

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23
Q

Codon which initiates the translation process

A

AUG

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24
Q

Transcription in prokaryotes starts on which site

A

Promoter

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25
Q

Compound found in RNA but not found in DNA

A

Uracil

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26
Q

Type of RNA that adds amino acids to a growing polypeptide chain

A

tRNA

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27
Q

Mutation that leads to a nucleotide sequence to change the resulting amino acid

A

Missense Mutation

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28
Q

Mode of reproduction by viruses where it results in the host cell breaking apart

A

Lytic Cycle

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29
Q

Regions in RNA that are removed and therefore, are not expressed

A

Introns

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30
Q

Allows bacteria to take new combinations of genes

A

Transformation, Transduction, Conjugation

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31
Q

Doesn’t allow bacteria to take new combinations of genes

A

Binary Fission

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32
Q

Carolus Linnaeus’ system of naming organisms

A

Binomial nomenclature system

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33
Q

Samples of Tautonymy

A

Red fox (Vulpes vulpes) and milkfish (Chanos chanos)

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34
Q

Tautonymy

A

When the living organism has the same name for its genus and species name; signifies that the species is representative of the characteristics of the genus.

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35
Q

Binomial nomenclature

A

Genus then species

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36
Q

Correct format in writing a scientific name

A

Both genus and species names must be italicized when typewritten and
underlined when handwritten

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37
Q

Second part of the scientific name

A

Species name (or specific epithet
in the more technical use of the term) of the organism.

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38
Q

Spiral prokaryotes that have longer cells

A

Spirochetes

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39
Q

Short and rigid prokaryotes

A

Spirilla

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40
Q

Group of prokaryotes specifically thrive in areas without oxygen and use other gases for their functioning

A

Methanogens

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41
Q

Group of bacteria considered as the original source of chloroplasts in plants.

A

Cyanobacteria

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42
Q

Community of microorganisms that reside in our bodies

A

Microbiota

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43
Q

Protist group able to perform photosynthesis

A

Diatoms and algae

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44
Q

Feeding structures of fungi

A

Hyphae

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45
Q

Seedless vascular plants are composed of two phyla:

A

Lycophytes, monilophytes

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46
Q

Lycophytes

A

Include club mosses, spike mosses, and quillworts)

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47
Q

Monilophytes

A

Ferns, horsetails, and whisk ferns

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48
Q

Phylum encompassing all flowering vascular plants

A

Anthophytes

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49
Q

Fungi able to form a beneficial relationship with photosynthetic organisms

A

Lichen

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50
Q

Animal classification based on the process of gastrulation

A

Deuterostomes

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51
Q

Gastrulation

A

How the animal embryo develops.

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52
Q

Protostomes

A

If the first opening that forms during
gastrulation becomes the mouth.

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53
Q

Deuterostomes

A

have this opening that becomes the anus and develops a second opening hat becomes the mouth

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54
Q

Process where the external skeleton is shed in order to facilitate the growth of the individual

A

Ecdysis

55
Q

Four features identify members of the Phylum Chordata

A

Dorsal, notochord, pharyngeal slits, post-anal tail

56
Q

Most successful invertebrate animal group

A

Insects

57
Q

Group composed of segmented animals with a hard exoskeleton and jointed appendages

A

Phylum Arthropoda

58
Q

Chelicerates, myriapods, and pancrustaceans

A

Arthropods

59
Q

Structures that allow jellyfishes to sting

A

Cnidocytes

60
Q

Class to which humans belong

A

Mammalia

61
Q

Species concept that distinguishes species based on their capability to produce offspring

A

Biological Species Concept

62
Q

Mammals that lay eggs

A

Monotremes

63
Q

Mechanism of speciation where a new species comes from the separation of the population of the ancestral species

A

Allopatric speciation

64
Q

Earliest group of vertebrates

A

Fish

65
Q

Three main causes of evolutionary change

A

natural selection, genetic drift,
and gene flow

66
Q

Feature which was present and utilized well in the past but has become remnant in present-day forms of the organism

A

Rudimentary structures or vestigial structures

67
Q

Two essential components of artificial selection

A

variation and heritability

68
Q

Variation

A

The differences among individuals in the same group

69
Q

Heritability

A

Transmission of a trait from parent to offspring

70
Q

Gregor Mendel

A

Law of Independent Assortment

70
Q

Affect the X and Y chromosomes

A

Sex-linked disorders

71
Q

Pattern of inheritance rhat allowed people to have blood type AB

A

Codominance

72
Q

Organism contains the same type of alleles of the same genes

A

Homozygous

73
Q

Animal tissues based on their cell shapes

A

Squamous, Cuboidal, Columnar

74
Q

Tissue type is known to store excess energy in the form of fat

A

Adipose Tissue

75
Q

Muscle tissues that form the muscles of the heart

A

Cardiac muscles

76
Q

Part of a nerve cell that moves signals towards another cell/ transmits signals to other neurons

A

Axon

77
Q

Receives a nerve impulse from other neurons

A

Dendrite

78
Q

Substances that compose our bones

A

calcium, magnesium, and phosphate

79
Q

Delivers oxygen (O2) and nutrients to the cells of the body and transports carbon dioxide (CO2) to the lungs and metabolic wastes to the kidneys.

A

Circulatory system

80
Q

Secretes hormones that regulate body activities, thus maintaining homeostasis.

A

endocrine system

81
Q

Testosterone and estrogen; sperm cells and egg cells

A

reproductive system

82
Q

Responsible for exchanging gases with the environment, supplying the blood with O2, and disposing of CO2

A

respiratory system

83
Q

Coordinates body activities by detecting stimuli, integrating information, and directing responses.

A

nervous system

84
Q

Describes that many organisms over time will develop features that will allow them to better thrive in the environment they are living in

A

theory of evolution

85
Q

Quick and fast response to any stimuli

A

irritability

86
Q

Long-term and continuous event that requires managing different parts of the organism to keep it alive

A

regulation

87
Q

Concerned with the regulation of energy;
managing which cells should be given more energy and what to do with the excess energy

A

Metabolism

88
Q

Most abundant element in cells

A

hydrogen (H), carbon (C),
oxygen (O), nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S).

89
Q

Determines how a protein takes shape

A

Unique sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain

90
Q

Nitrogenous bases

A

adenine (A), thymine (T), cytosine (C), and guanine (G)

91
Q

Products of cellular respiration

A

carbon dioxide, water, and ATP

92
Q

Oxidative phosphorylation yields how much ATP in total

A

32

93
Q

Krebs Cycle mnemonic

A

“Citrate Is Kreb’s Starting Substrate For Making Oxaloacetate”

94
Q

Plants in hot, dry climates that keep their stomata mostly closed to conserve water.

A

C4 plants

95
Q

Specifies an amino acid

A

Codon

96
Q

Organisms that obtain their energy from light

A

autotrophic

97
Q

Causes cancer in cells

A

Damage to genes

98
Q

Step of mitosis in which chromosomes line up along the equatorial plane of the cell

A

Metaphase

99
Q

Action of insulin

A

decreases blood glucose levels by forming glycogen

100
Q

Intracellular organelles that participate in metabolic oxidation involving hydrogen peroxide

A

lysosomes

101
Q

Polymers of glucose

A

Starch, cellulose and glycogen

102
Q

Down syndrome in humans is due to

A

three copies of chromosome 21

103
Q

Movement of water-soluble molecules through cell membranes, from higher to lower concentrations, by attachment to a carrier protein

A

Facilitated diffusion

104
Q

Organisms that have the characteristics of radial symmetry, water vascular system, a spiny skin, and are found exclusively in a marine habitat

A

Echinodermata

105
Q

Two processes that return water to the earth

A

condensation and precipitation

106
Q

Smallest organelle in the cell

A

Ribosome

107
Q

Structural difference of egg and sperm

A

Both contain a haploid chromosome number, but eggs must provide nutrients for early development, while sperm must be able to move efficiently

108
Q

For a given diameter of an axon, one factor which increases the velocity of a nerve impulse is:

A

the presence of a myelin sheath

109
Q

How is a biochemical pathway regulated?

A

The end product inhibits the first enzyme in the pathway by binding to an allosteric site

110
Q

Replicate copies of each chromosome are called _____________ and are joined at the
_________________

A

sister chromatids/centromere

111
Q

The term motor unit refers to

A

all the muscle fibers innervated by one nerve fiber

112
Q

Which stage of meiosis does crossing over occur

A

prophase I

113
Q

The human heartbeat is initiated within the

A

sino-atrial node

114
Q

In the nephron of the kidney, filtration occurs between

A

the glomerulus and Bowman’s capsule

115
Q

Cytoplasm of an animal cell is divided by means of:

A

A cleavage furrow

116
Q

Sexual and asexual reproduction usually differ in

A

the amount of genotypic variation between parent and offspring

117
Q

The process in which water, in the water cycle, goes through a phase change, from a gas to a liquid

A

condensation

118
Q

Stimulus: moving toward or away from chemicals

A

Chemotaxis

119
Q

Stimulus: moving toward or away from light

A

Phototaxis

120
Q

Chemical linkage into chains of atoms of the same element

A

Catenation

121
Q

Chemical compound in which one or more atoms of carbon are covalently linked to atoms of other elements, most commonly hydrogen, oxygen, or nitrogen

A

Organic compound

122
Q

Compound made up of two or more elements other than carbon, or certain carbon-containing compounds that lack carbon-carbon bonds

A

Inorganic compound

123
Q

Molecule of any of a class of compounds, mostly organic, that can react with other molecules to form very large molecules

A

Monomer

124
Q

Process to form polymers

A

Dehydration reaction - reaction that removes water as two molecules are bonded together

125
Q

Hydrolysis

A

Water helps break the bond between molecules

126
Q

Chemical formula of glucose and fructose

A

C6H12O6

127
Q

Compounds that have the same molecular formula but are structurally different

A

Isomer

128
Q

Usually ends in “-ose”

A

Sugar

129
Q

Usually ends in “-ase”

A

Enzyme

130
Q

Main fuel for cellular work

A

Monosaccharides (particularly glucose)

131
Q

Most common disaccharide; glucose + fructose

A

Sucrose

132
Q

Where is glycogen stored in the body

A

Liver or muscle cells

133
Q
A

NMAT 2025 (11 decks)

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