Biology: General Flashcards
Organisms must survive in the areas they live in. Over time these organisms develop features that allow them to better cope with their surroundings. What property is being described?
Evolutionary Adaptation
The part of the Earth composed of life is called the biosphere. The biosphere is composed of different ecosystems and each composed of communities of organisms. This hierarchy is observed until we reach the functional unit of life: the cell. Which property describes this?
Order or Organization
The makahiya plant (Mimosa pudica) reacts when touched. Some plants grow towards the sunlight. You immediately move your hands away when near a hot surface. These are just some examples of which property of life?
Irritability
Hybrids from the wild are rare and may only come from two species that are closely associated with each other. More often, what occurs is that a species passes their own traits creating similar organisms like themselves. This property of life depicts?
Reproduction
Plants perform photosynthesis to harvest the energy of the sun. Plants are eaten by herbivores which are then fed by carnivores. In a way, we are getting the energy of the sun when we eat those plants and more indirectly when eating meat. Thus, nourishing us. This property of life is known as?
Metabolism
Building blocks of proteins
Amino acids
Most abundant element in cells
Hydrogen
Level of protein structure of a beta-pleated sheet
Secondary
Thymine bonds to which nucleotide
Adenine
Structure to which excess energy is deposited
Adipose tissue
Reactants of cellular respiration
Glucose and oxygen
Step in cellular respiration yielding the greatest number of ATPs
Oxidative Phosphorylation
Last substance that is produced in the Krebs cycle
Oxaloacetate
Yields 2.5 ATps during ETC
NADH
Yields 1.5 ATps during ETC
FADH2
Photosynthesis type of process
Anabolic
Important product of Calvin cycle
glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P)
Special pair of chlorophyll a molecules in photosystem II
P680
Calvin Cycle occurs in which part of C4 plants
Bundle-sheath cells
Acronym for CAM originates from
A specific group of succulents; (Crassulacean Acid Metabolism)
Took an X-ray image of DNA
Rosalind Franklin
Small DNA fragments that are linked to the 5’ to 3’ strand during DNA replication
Okazaki Fragments
Codon which initiates the translation process
AUG
Transcription in prokaryotes starts on which site
Promoter
Compound found in RNA but not found in DNA
Uracil
Type of RNA that adds amino acids to a growing polypeptide chain
tRNA
Mutation that leads to a nucleotide sequence to change the resulting amino acid
Missense Mutation
Mode of reproduction by viruses where it results in the host cell breaking apart
Lytic Cycle
Regions in RNA that are removed and therefore, are not expressed
Introns
Allows bacteria to take new combinations of genes
Transformation, Transduction, Conjugation
Doesn’t allow bacteria to take new combinations of genes
Binary Fission
Carolus Linnaeus’ system of naming organisms
Binomial nomenclature system
Samples of Tautonymy
Red fox (Vulpes vulpes) and milkfish (Chanos chanos)
Tautonymy
When the living organism has the same name for its genus and species name; signifies that the species is representative of the characteristics of the genus.
Binomial nomenclature
Genus then species
Correct format in writing a scientific name
Both genus and species names must be italicized when typewritten and
underlined when handwritten
Second part of the scientific name
Species name (or specific epithet
in the more technical use of the term) of the organism.
Spiral prokaryotes that have longer cells
Spirochetes
Short and rigid prokaryotes
Spirilla
Group of prokaryotes specifically thrive in areas without oxygen and use other gases for their functioning
Methanogens
Group of bacteria considered as the original source of chloroplasts in plants.
Cyanobacteria
Community of microorganisms that reside in our bodies
Microbiota
Protist group able to perform photosynthesis
Diatoms and algae
Feeding structures of fungi
Hyphae
Seedless vascular plants are composed of two phyla:
Lycophytes, monilophytes
Lycophytes
Include club mosses, spike mosses, and quillworts)
Monilophytes
Ferns, horsetails, and whisk ferns
Phylum encompassing all flowering vascular plants
Anthophytes
Fungi able to form a beneficial relationship with photosynthetic organisms
Lichen
Animal classification based on the process of gastrulation
Deuterostomes
Gastrulation
How the animal embryo develops.
Protostomes
If the first opening that forms during
gastrulation becomes the mouth.
Deuterostomes
have this opening that becomes the anus and develops a second opening hat becomes the mouth
Process where the external skeleton is shed in order to facilitate the growth of the individual
Ecdysis
Four features identify members of the Phylum Chordata
Dorsal, notochord, pharyngeal slits, post-anal tail
Most successful invertebrate animal group
Insects
Group composed of segmented animals with a hard exoskeleton and jointed appendages
Phylum Arthropoda
Chelicerates, myriapods, and pancrustaceans
Arthropods
Structures that allow jellyfishes to sting
Cnidocytes
Class to which humans belong
Mammalia
Species concept that distinguishes species based on their capability to produce offspring
Biological Species Concept
Mammals that lay eggs
Monotremes
Mechanism of speciation where a new species comes from the separation of the population of the ancestral species
Allopatric speciation
Earliest group of vertebrates
Fish
Three main causes of evolutionary change
natural selection, genetic drift,
and gene flow
Feature which was present and utilized well in the past but has become remnant in present-day forms of the organism
Rudimentary structures or vestigial structures
Two essential components of artificial selection
variation and heritability
Variation
The differences among individuals in the same group
Heritability
Transmission of a trait from parent to offspring
Gregor Mendel
Law of Independent Assortment
Affect the X and Y chromosomes
Sex-linked disorders
Pattern of inheritance rhat allowed people to have blood type AB
Codominance
Organism contains the same type of alleles of the same genes
Homozygous
Animal tissues based on their cell shapes
Squamous, Cuboidal, Columnar
Tissue type is known to store excess energy in the form of fat
Adipose Tissue
Muscle tissues that form the muscles of the heart
Cardiac muscles
Part of a nerve cell that moves signals towards another cell/ transmits signals to other neurons
Axon
Receives a nerve impulse from other neurons
Dendrite
Substances that compose our bones
calcium, magnesium, and phosphate
Delivers oxygen (O2) and nutrients to the cells of the body and transports carbon dioxide (CO2) to the lungs and metabolic wastes to the kidneys.
Circulatory system
Secretes hormones that regulate body activities, thus maintaining homeostasis.
endocrine system
Testosterone and estrogen; sperm cells and egg cells
reproductive system
Responsible for exchanging gases with the environment, supplying the blood with O2, and disposing of CO2
respiratory system
Coordinates body activities by detecting stimuli, integrating information, and directing responses.
nervous system
Describes that many organisms over time will develop features that will allow them to better thrive in the environment they are living in
theory of evolution
Quick and fast response to any stimuli
irritability
Long-term and continuous event that requires managing different parts of the organism to keep it alive
regulation
Concerned with the regulation of energy;
managing which cells should be given more energy and what to do with the excess energy
Metabolism
Most abundant element in cells
hydrogen (H), carbon (C),
oxygen (O), nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S).
Determines how a protein takes shape
Unique sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain
Nitrogenous bases
adenine (A), thymine (T), cytosine (C), and guanine (G)
Products of cellular respiration
carbon dioxide, water, and ATP
Oxidative phosphorylation yields how much ATP in total
32
Krebs Cycle mnemonic
“Citrate Is Kreb’s Starting Substrate For Making Oxaloacetate”
Plants in hot, dry climates that keep their stomata mostly closed to conserve water.
C4 plants
Specifies an amino acid
Codon
Organisms that obtain their energy from light
autotrophic
Causes cancer in cells
Damage to genes
Step of mitosis in which chromosomes line up along the equatorial plane of the cell
Metaphase
Action of insulin
decreases blood glucose levels by forming glycogen
Intracellular organelles that participate in metabolic oxidation involving hydrogen peroxide
lysosomes
Polymers of glucose
Starch, cellulose and glycogen
Down syndrome in humans is due to
three copies of chromosome 21
Movement of water-soluble molecules through cell membranes, from higher to lower concentrations, by attachment to a carrier protein
Facilitated diffusion
Organisms that have the characteristics of radial symmetry, water vascular system, a spiny skin, and are found exclusively in a marine habitat
Echinodermata
Two processes that return water to the earth
condensation and precipitation
Smallest organelle in the cell
Ribosome
Structural difference of egg and sperm
Both contain a haploid chromosome number, but eggs must provide nutrients for early development, while sperm must be able to move efficiently
For a given diameter of an axon, one factor which increases the velocity of a nerve impulse is:
the presence of a myelin sheath
How is a biochemical pathway regulated?
The end product inhibits the first enzyme in the pathway by binding to an allosteric site
Replicate copies of each chromosome are called _____________ and are joined at the
_________________
sister chromatids/centromere
The term motor unit refers to
all the muscle fibers innervated by one nerve fiber
Which stage of meiosis does crossing over occur
prophase I
The human heartbeat is initiated within the
sino-atrial node
In the nephron of the kidney, filtration occurs between
the glomerulus and Bowman’s capsule
Cytoplasm of an animal cell is divided by means of:
A cleavage furrow
Sexual and asexual reproduction usually differ in
the amount of genotypic variation between parent and offspring
The process in which water, in the water cycle, goes through a phase change, from a gas to a liquid
condensation
Stimulus: moving toward or away from chemicals
Chemotaxis
Stimulus: moving toward or away from light
Phototaxis
Chemical linkage into chains of atoms of the same element
Catenation
Chemical compound in which one or more atoms of carbon are covalently linked to atoms of other elements, most commonly hydrogen, oxygen, or nitrogen
Organic compound
Compound made up of two or more elements other than carbon, or certain carbon-containing compounds that lack carbon-carbon bonds
Inorganic compound
Molecule of any of a class of compounds, mostly organic, that can react with other molecules to form very large molecules
Monomer
Process to form polymers
Dehydration reaction - reaction that removes water as two molecules are bonded together
Hydrolysis
Water helps break the bond between molecules
Chemical formula of glucose and fructose
C6H12O6
Compounds that have the same molecular formula but are structurally different
Isomer
Usually ends in “-ose”
Sugar
Usually ends in “-ase”
Enzyme
Main fuel for cellular work
Monosaccharides (particularly glucose)
Most common disaccharide; glucose + fructose
Sucrose
Where is glycogen stored in the body
Liver or muscle cells
