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ChELE Review > Chemistry Concepts (Organic, Biochemistry) > Flashcards

Chemistry Concepts (Organic, Biochemistry) Flashcards

1
Q

Also called paraffins

A

Alkanes

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2
Q

Also called olefins

A

Alkenes

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3
Q

Total carbon atoms of alkanes in gas state under ambient conditions

A

1 to 4 C atoms

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4
Q

Total carbon atoms of alkanes in liquid state under ambient conditions

A

5 to 17 C atoms

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5
Q

Total carbon atoms of alkanes in solid state under ambient conditions

A

≥18 C atoms

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6
Q

It is the conversion of ammonium cyanate to urea

A

Wohler Synthesis

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7
Q

Use of Na in dry ether to combine alkyl halides in coupling reaction

A

Wurtz synthesis

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8
Q

Reaction for preparing asymmetrical ethers

A

Williamson synthesis

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9
Q

How can you differentiate alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes?

A

Reaction with Br₂

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10
Q

Ability of carbon to form bonds with another carbon atom

A

Catenation

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11
Q

Structures wherein electrons are localized in covalent bonds

A

Lewis structures

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12
Q

Structures wherein electrons are delocalized in covalent bonds

A

Resonance structures

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13
Q

Every Lewis structure applicable to all movements of electrons in a molecule

A

Contributing structure

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14
Q

Combination of all contributing structures that represents the true structure

A

Resonance hybrid

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15
Q

Umbrella term for different compounds with the same molecular formula

A

Isomers

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16
Q

Isomers that differ in atomic connectivity

A

Constitutional isomers

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17
Q

Isomers that differ in spatial arrangement of atoms

A

Stereoisomers

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18
Q

Stereoisomers that are mirror images of one another and are not superimposable

A

Enantiomers

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19
Q

Stereoisomers which have the same molecular formula and sequence of bonded elements but which are nonsuperimposable, non-mirror images

A

Diastereomers

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20
Q

Compound where one atom donates both electrons

A

Coordinate covalent compound

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21
Q

Phenomenon wherein a permanent dipole arises in a given molecule due to the unequal sharing of the bonding electrons in the molecule. This effect can arise in sigma bonds.

A

Inductive Effect

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22
Q

Delocalization of σ electrons of C-H bond of an alkyl group directly attached to an atom of the unsaturated system or to an atom with an unshared p orbital

A

Hyperconjugation

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23
Q

The instantaneous formation of a dipole in the molecule of an organic compound with multiple bonds due to the complete transfer of shared pi electron pairs to one of the atoms under the influence of an attacking reagent

A

Electromeric Effect

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24
Q

Involves the intramolecular movement of sigma and pi bonds in a molecule

A

3,3-sigmatropic rearrangements
(Cope-Hardy reaction)

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25
Q

Meaning of Z-configuration in the E-Z Notational System

A

German zusammen meaning “together”

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26
Q

Meaning of E-configuration in the E-Z Notational System

A

German entgegen meaning “opposite”

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27
Q

Meaning of the R orientation in the R-S notational system

A

R - rectus, Latin for “right”
CW configuration

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28
Q

Meaning of the S orientation in the R-S notational system

A

S - sinister, Latin for “left”
CCW configuration

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29
Q

Properties affecting the stability of an alkane/alkene

A

In order of priority:
No. of C atoms (inversely proportional)
No. of substituents (proportional)
No. of double bonds (proportional)

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30
Q

Value of dihedral angle in gauche staggered conformation

A

60°

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31
Q

Value of dihedral angle in anti staggered conformation

A

180°

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32
Q

Solid catalysts for the hydrogenation of alkenes

A

Pt, Pd, Ni, Rh

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33
Q

Catalyst for dehydration of alcohols

A

H₂SO₄ and H₃PO₄

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34
Q

What types of alcohols prefer SN1

A

Secondary/tertiary alcohol

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35
Q

What types of alcohols prefer SN2?

A

Primary/unsubstituted alcohols

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36
Q

Product of the addition of an alcohol to an aldehyde

A

Hemiacetal (unstable)

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37
Q

Product of the addition of two alcohols to an aldehyde

A

Acetal (stable)

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38
Q

Product of adding peroxyacid to aldehydes

A

Carboxylic acid

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39
Q

Product of adding peroxyacid to ketones

A

Ester

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40
Q

Compound produced by the reaction of aldehydes and ketones with HCN

A

Cyanohydrin

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41
Q

Compound formed from the reaction of acids with alcohols

A

Esters

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42
Q

How many double bonds are in geraniol?

A

2

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43
Q

States that the major product of an addition reaction will bond to the more substituted alkene

A

Markovnikov’s Rule

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44
Q

States that the major product of an addition reaction will bond to the less substituted alkene

A

Anti-Markovnikov’s Rule

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45
Q

States that the major product of an elimination reaction will be the most stable alkene

A

Zaitsev’s Rule

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46
Q

States that the major product of an elimination reaction will be the least stable alkene

A

Hoffman’s Rule

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47
Q

States that the major product of a rearrangement reaction will be the most stable alkene

A

Baldwin’s Rule

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48
Q

A center where exchanging two substituents will produce a different atom

A

Stereogenic center

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49
Q

Carbon atom with 4 different substituents

A

Chiral center

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50
Q

Achiral compounds with multiple chiral centers

A

Meso compounds

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51
Q

What does zero degree polarized light mean?

A

There are equal amounts of two enantiomers

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52
Q

Obtained by grinding up the solid and mixing it with mineral oil to form a suspension, which is placed in between AgCl, NaCl, KBr or CsI plates to obtain a good spectrum.

A

Nujol Mull

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53
Q

Products of hydrolysis of sucrose

A

1 glucose and 1 fructose

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54
Q

Disaccharide formed by a beta-glycosidic bond

A

Lactose

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55
Q

Carbohydrate whose structure contains an aldehyde, or a hemiacetal in equilibrium with an aldehyde which can be oxidized, with resultant reduction of the oxidizing agent

A

Reducing Sugar

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56
Q

Examples of reducing sugars

A

Maltose, Cellobiose, Lactose

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57
Q

Carbohydrate that is not oxidized by a weak oxidizing agent in basic aqueous solution.

A

Non-reducing Sugar

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58
Q

Example of a non-reducing sugar

A

Sucrose

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59
Q

Test used for the detection of reducing and non-reducing sugars. It is also used to differentiate ketone functional groups and water-soluble carbohydrates.

A

Fehling’s Test

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60
Q

What gives a positive result in Fehling’s test for sugars?

A

Reducing sugar

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61
Q

What gives a negative result in Fehling’s test for sugars?

A

Non-reducing sugar

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62
Q

What gives a positive result in Fehling’s test for functional groups?

A

Water-soluble carbohydrates

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63
Q

What gives a negative result in Fehling’s test for functional groups?

A

Ketone functional group

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64
Q

Most abundant molecule in living cells

A

Protein

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65
Q

What are the two essential omega-6 fatty acids?

A

Linoleic acid (LA) - 18:2
Arachidonic Acid (AA) - 20:4

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66
Q

What are the three essential omega-3 fatty acids?

A

Eicosapentaenoic Acid (EPA) - 20:5
Docosahexaenoic Acid (DHA) - 22:6
Alpha-Linolenic Acid (ALA) - 18:3

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67
Q

Measure of unsaturation of a fatty acid

A

Iodine number (g iodine absorbed by 100 g fat)

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68
Q

Saturated fatty acid with 6-C chain

A

Caproic Acid

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69
Q

Saturated fatty acid with 8-C chain

A

Caprylic Acid

70
Q

Saturated fatty acid with 10-C chain

A

Capric Acid

71
Q

Saturated fatty acid with 12-C chain

A

Lauric Acid

72
Q

Saturated fatty acid with 14-C chain

A

Myristic Acid

73
Q

Saturated fatty acid with 16-C chain

A

Palmitic Acid

74
Q

Saturated fatty acid with 18-C chain

A

Stearic Acid

75
Q

Unsaturated fatty acid with 18-C chain and 1 double bond

A

Oleic Acid

76
Q

Unsaturated fatty acid with 18-C chain and 2 double bonds

A

Linoleic Acid

77
Q

Microorganism utilized in the production of pickles

A

Lactic acid bacteria

78
Q

Organism produced by sporulation

A

Mold

79
Q

Bacteria which convert alcoholic solutions to vinegar

A

Acetobacters

80
Q

Type of bacteria considered to be ancient organisms such as methanogens, halobacteria, and thermoacidophiles

A

Archaebacteria

81
Q

Bacteria that grow over the temperature range of 30°C to 40°C

A

Mesophiles

82
Q

Time required to kill all bacteria in a particular culture at a specific temperature

A

Thermal death time

83
Q

Temperature at which a microorganism is killed within a period of 10 minutes

A

Thermal death point (TDP)

84
Q

A waste treatment process by which biologically active growths are continuously circulated with incoming biodegradable waste in the presence of oxygen

A

Activated Sludge Process

85
Q

Biological decomposition of organic matter accompanied by the production of foul smelling products in an anaerobic condition

A

Putrefaction

86
Q

Defined as the quantity of enzymes needed to transform 1.0 micromole of substrate to product per minute at 30°C and optimal pH

A

International Unit

87
Q

Hormones detected in pregnancy tests

A

Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)

88
Q

Enzyme present in the stomach

A

Pepsin

89
Q

Method of synthesizing glucose for the brain during starvation

A

Gluconeogenesis

90
Q

Bond between monosaccharides

A

Glycosidic bonds

91
Q

Primary level of protein structure

A

Amino acid sequence

92
Q

Secondary level of protein structure

A

Alpha helix coil or beta sheet

93
Q

Tertiary protein structure

A

Protein folds

94
Q

Quaternary structure of proteins

A

Polypeptide chains

95
Q

Protein chains that are easily soluble in water, are found in enzymes, and have spherical conformation

A

Globular

96
Q

Protein chains that are found as parallel polypeptide chains in long sheets, are water insoluble, tough, and stretchy

A

Fibrous

97
Q

Types of inhibition

A

Competitive, non-competitive

98
Q

Inhibition type where the binding site is blocked

A

Competitive

99
Q

Inhibition type that changes the shape of enzyme

A

Non-competitive

100
Q

Generally-accepted model for enzyme fit

A

Induced fit model

101
Q

Lengths of proteins

A

> 50 amino acids

102
Q

Lengths of peptides

A

< 50 amino acids

103
Q

Bonds that link amino acids together

A

Peptide bonds

104
Q

The only secondary amine out of the 20 amino acids

A

Proline

105
Q

The only natural achiral amino acid

A

Glycine

106
Q

Natural configuration of amino acids

A

L

107
Q

pH where the amino acid exists as neutral, zwitterionic form

A

Isoelectric point

108
Q

Separation of polar compounds based on mobility (charge and molecular mass)

A

Electrophoresis

109
Q

Convention of writing peptide sequences

A

N-terminus to C-terminus

110
Q

Enzyme that catalyzes hydrolysis of peptide bonds

A

Protease

111
Q

Organic molecules/metal ions that aid enzymes in reactions

A

Coenzymes

112
Q

Describe the difference between coenzyme and cofactor

A

Cofactor is the non-protein part of an enzyme (more generic). Coenzyme is an organic factor.

113
Q

When the carbonyl of a monosaccharide is located at the C1 carbon

A

Aldose

114
Q

When the carbonyl of a monosaccharide is located at any carbon except C1

A

Ketose

115
Q

Carbohydrates with the OH group pointing to the right of the Fischer projection

A

D-carbohydrates

116
Q

The simplest carbohydrate

A

Glyceraldehyde

117
Q

Process of forming an equilibrium mixture of the anomers

A

Mutarotation

118
Q

Carbohydrate with a missing hydroxyl group

A

Deoxy sugar

119
Q

Carbohydrates with hydroxyl group replaced by amino group

A

Amino sugar

120
Q

Long, straight chain saturated/unsaturated acids (C12-C20)

A

Fatty acids

121
Q

Tri-esters formed from glycerol and fatty acids

A

Triglycerides

122
Q

Sodium and potassium salts of fatty acids produced from the hydrolysis of glycerides

A

Soaps

123
Q

Component of cell membranes with nonpolar tails and polar heads

A

Glycerophospholipids

124
Q

Esters of long chain fatty acids (C16 - C36) with long chain alcohols

A

Waxes

125
Q

Biological process of breaking down molecules

A

Catabolism

126
Q

Biological process of building molecules

A

Anabolism

127
Q

Net product of cellular respiration in # of ATP

A

36 or 38

128
Q

Product of glycolysis

A

2 ATP + 2 pyruvates

129
Q

Product of citric acid cycle

A

2 ATP (due to 2 citric acid processed)

130
Q

Product of electron transport chain

A

32-34 ATP per glucose

131
Q

Fermentation product of pyruvate in animals

A

Lactate

132
Q

Net product of fermentation

A

2 ATP per glucose

133
Q

Product of fermentation in plants

A

Alcohol and CO₂

134
Q

Precursor of glucose for gluconeogenesis

A

Pyruvates

135
Q

Efficiency of cellular respiration

A

39% (263 kcal/686 kcal)

136
Q

Three subunits of nucleotides

A

Sugar, heterocyclic base, phosphodiester

137
Q

Base sugar of DNA

A

2-deoxyribose

138
Q

Base sugar of RNA

A

Ribose

139
Q

Composed of only a sugar and base

A

Nucleoside

140
Q

Composed of a sugar, base, and phosphate

A

Nucleotide

141
Q

Chain of sugars and bases attached via phosphodiesters

A

Nucleic acids

142
Q

Linkages between nucleotide units of nucleic acids

A

Phosphodiesters

143
Q

Describe Chargaff’s Rule

A

A = T, C = G

144
Q

Secondary structure of DNA

A

Double helix

145
Q

Tertiary structure of DNA

A

Supercoils

146
Q

Assembly of DNA coiled around protein cores called histones

A

Nucleosomes

147
Q

Process of copying DNA

A

Replication

148
Q

Process of reading and transferring genetic code from the DNA to mRNA

A

Transcription

149
Q

Process of converting genetic code into a protein

A

Translation

150
Q

Enzyme that unwinds DNA

A

Topoisomerase

151
Q

Protein that unwinds the double helix DNA

A

Helicase

152
Q

Enzyme that replicates DNA to produce a new strand

A

DNA polymerase

153
Q

Enzyme that forms the phosphodiester bond between DNA pieces

A

DNA ligase

154
Q

Describe the replication in the leading strand

A

Proceeds as usual in the 5’ to 3’ direction of the new strand

155
Q

Describe the replication of the lagging strand

A

Synthesis of individual 5’ to 3’ fragments are done and fused together using DNA ligase

156
Q

Strand that is copied during transcription

A

Antisense strand

157
Q

Large assembly of protein and rRNA that catalyze protein and peptide biosynthesis

A

Ribosomes

158
Q

Method of amplifying DNA using polymerase, dNTPs, and temperature cycling

A

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)

159
Q

Unhealthy types of fats

A

Saturated and trans fats

160
Q

Purine bases

A

A/G

161
Q

Pyrimidine bases

A

C/U/T

162
Q

Stop codon

A

AUG

163
Q

In which part of the body does fatty acid synthesis occur?

A

Cytoplasm

164
Q

What structural characteristics do citric acid and malic acid have in common?

A

They are both hydroxy acids

165
Q

Hydrocarbon derivative used as a main ingredient in automobile antifreeze

A

Ethylene glycol

166
Q

Reduction of alkyl phenyl ketones to aromatic hydrocarbons using hydrazine

A

Wolf-Kishner Reaction

167
Q

Other name for hexanedionic acid

A

Adipic acid

168
Q

Reaction of alcohol with carboxylic acid

A

Esterification

169
Q

Other name for cyclic esters

A

Lactones

170
Q

Organic compound that causes banana scent

A

i-pentyl acetate

171
Q

OH groups bonded to vinylic sp² hybridized carbons

A

Enol

172
Q

Other name for butanoic acid

A

Rancid butter

ChELE Review (12 decks)

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