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ChELE Review > Chemistry Concepts (Inorganic, Nuclear) > Flashcards

Chemistry Concepts (Inorganic, Nuclear) Flashcards

1
Q

Material used in acrylic glass (plexiglass, Lucite, Altuglas)

A

Polymethacrylate Fiber

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2
Q

Material for bulletproof windows

A

Polycarbonate Fiber

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3
Q

Material used in the production of Kevlar

A

Polyamide Fiber

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4
Q

Catalyst used in the production of polyamide fiber

A

1,4-Diaminobenzene

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5
Q

Material for bulletproof vests

A

Polyethylene Fiber

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6
Q

Monomer of polyamide fiber

A

Terephthalic Acid

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7
Q

Catalyst used in the production of polycarbonate fiber

A

Bisphenol A

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8
Q

Monomer of polycarbonate fiber

A

Diethyl carbonate

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9
Q

Etymology of Cesium

A

Latin caesius meaning “sky blue”

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10
Q

Etymology of Rubidium

A

Latin rubidius meaning “deep red”

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11
Q

Helium was named after _____

A

Helios, the Greek god of the sun

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12
Q

Element called eka-boron by Dimitri Mendeleev prior to its discovery

A

Scandium

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13
Q

Element called eka-aluminum by Dimitri Mendeleev prior to its discovery

A

Gallium

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14
Q

Element called eka-silicon by Dimitri Mendeleev prior to its discovery

A

Germanium

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15
Q

How many elements in the periodic table are naturally occurring?

A

88

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16
Q

Four elements that play a major role in the functioning of the human body

A

C, H, O, N

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17
Q

Element that strengthens bones and aids in blood clotting

A

Calcium

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18
Q

Most abundant element (by mass) in the human body

A

Oxygen

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19
Q

Most abundant element (by moles) in the human body

A

Hydrogen

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20
Q

Two most abundant elements (by mass) in Earth’s crust

A

Oxygen, Silicon

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21
Q

Element that causes Itai-Itai disease

A

Cadmium

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22
Q

Element that causes Minamata disease

A

Mercury

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23
Q

Components of brass alloy

A

Copper + Zinc

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24
Q

Components of bronze alloy

A

Copper + Tin

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25
Q

Components of pewter alloy

A

Tin + Antimony + Lead

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26
Q

What element is called the “metal from heaven” for its presence in meteoroids?

A

Iron

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27
Q

The only non-metal that can conduct electricity

A

Graphite

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28
Q

Age of the Solar System

A

4.6 E9 years old

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29
Q

Unit defined as the electric charge freed by radiation in a specified volume of air divided by the mass of that air

A

Roentgen (R)

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30
Q

It is the ratio between radiation absorbed by a tissue and radiation delivered to the tissue

A

Radiation Absorbed Dose (rad)

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31
Q

It is the ratio between the tissue damage caused by a rad of radiation and the type of radiation

A

Roentgen Equivalent for Man (rem)

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32
Q

Number of isotopes of iodine

A

37 (I-108 to I-144)

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33
Q

Radioactive nucleus responsible for thyroid cancer

A

Iodine-131

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34
Q

Radioactive isotope used for kidney scanning

A

Mercury-197

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35
Q

Radioactive isotope used for heart scans in exercise

A

Thallium-201

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36
Q

Radioactive isotope used in smoke detectors

A

Americium-241

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37
Q

Radioactive isotope for cancer therapy

A

Cobalt-60

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38
Q

Decay product of Radon-222 that produces harmful effects

A

Polonium-218

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39
Q

Uranium Decay Series

A

U-238 to Pb-206, Natural

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40
Q

Actinium Decay Series

A

U-235 to Pb-207, Natural

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41
Q

Thorium Decay Series

A

Th-232 to Pb-208, Natural

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42
Q

Neptunium Decay Series

A

Np-237 to Tl-206, Artificial

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43
Q

Plutonium Decay Series

A

Pu-241 to U-235, Artificial

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44
Q

Radiotracer used in the medical imaging modality positron emission tomography (PET)

A

18-Fluorodeoxyglycose (FDG)

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45
Q

Ionization counter that uses Argon gas to detect alpha particles

A

Geiger Counter

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46
Q

What compound is added to the Geiger counter in order to detect neutrons?

A

Boron Trifluoride (BF₃)

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47
Q

Ionization counter which detects nuclear radiation from flashes of light

A

Scintillation Counter

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48
Q

Phosphor used in the Scintillation counter to detect alpha particles

A

Zinc Sulfide

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49
Q

Phosphor used in the Scintillation counter to detect gamma radiation

A

NaI crystals with TiI₂

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50
Q

Amount of energy deposited by 1 rad per kilogram of matter

A

1E-2 J energy per kg matter

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51
Q

Material to impede alpha particles

A

Any material

52
Q

Material to impede beta particles

A

0.25 cm Al

53
Q

Material to impede strong beta particles

A

6-12 mm Lucite or Plexiglass

54
Q

Material to impede fast neutrons

A

Water, paraffin, concrete

55
Q

Material to impede slow neutrons

A

Cadmium

56
Q

Material to impede gamma particles

A

Thick layer of lead

57
Q

The only radioation known to have a higher frequency than gamma rays

A

Cosmic rays

58
Q

Ghost particle

A

Neutrino

59
Q

The unit Curie (Ci) is defined as the amount of decays per second that occur in 1 gram of what radioactive isotope?

A

Radium-286

60
Q

Form of energy perceived as a blue glow emitted when electrically charged particles move at speeds faster than that of light in a specific medium

A

Cherenkov Radiation

61
Q

Radiation given off by free electrons that are deflected (i.e., decelerated) in a strong electric field particularly when hitting a metal target such as aluminum

A

Bremsstrahlung (German: “braking radiation”)

62
Q

Glass tube with 2 metal plates connected to a high-voltage source which emits a ray drawn from the negative plate towards the positive plate

A

CRT or Geissler Tube

63
Q

Color of light released in a cathode ray

A

Green

64
Q

Phenomenon in which momentum transferred from a photon to an electron accelerates the latter to a new velocity

A

Compton Effect

65
Q

Caused by the uneven distribution of intermolecular force around the molecules at the surface of a liquid

A

Surface Tension

66
Q

When dissolving organic molecules in a polar solvent, how many carbon atoms can be taken into account by a functional group containing an electronegative atom (i.e., oxygen and nitrogen)?

A

5 carbon atoms

67
Q

Extensive property that indicates the quantity of heat needed to raise the temperature of a substance by 1°C

A

Heat Capacity (C)

68
Q

Intensive property that indicates the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of substance by 1°C

A

Specific Heat Capacity (c)

69
Q

Intensive property that indicates the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 mole of substance by 1°C

A

Molar Heat Capacity

70
Q

An inorganic mineral present in human bone and teeth that plays a role in the structural strength of bone and in bone repair and regeneration

A

Hydroxyapatite Ca₁₀(PO₄)₆(OH)₂

71
Q

Component in willow trees that are active ingredients in aspirin

A

Salicin

72
Q

Chemical for smell and taste

A

Rhodopsin

73
Q

Chemical for sight

A

Retinal

74
Q

Component of belladonna plants that treats nerve agent and pesticide poisoning

A

Atropine

75
Q

Common name of Vitamin A

A

Retinol

76
Q

Common name of Vitamin B12

A

Cobalamin

77
Q

How many atoms are present in the buckyball?

A

60 carbon atoms
(12 pentagons, 20 hexagons)

78
Q

Solid made of giant molecules which can be crystalline, semicrystalline, or amorphous

A

Polymeric

79
Q

Solid made of a very large number of atoms connected by covalent bonds

A

Network

80
Q

Solid made of randomly arranged atoms or molecules

A

Amorphous

81
Q

Examples of polymeric solids

A

Rubber, plastics, proteins

82
Q

Examples of network solids

A

Diamond, quartz

83
Q

Examples of amorphous solids

A

Soot, tar, glass

84
Q

Increase in temperature of the body of water causes a decrease in the sollubility of oxygen leading to the death of aquatic life

A

Thermal pollution

85
Q

Formation of nitrogen gas bubbles in the blood as a result of high pressures

A

Bends

86
Q

Why is water a good solvent?

A

Polarity
Hydrogen bonding capacity

87
Q

Light passing through and scattered by a colloid viewed at a right angle

A

Tyndall Effect

88
Q

A system, such as fat in milk, consisting of a liquid with or without an emulsifying agent in an immisible liquid, usually as droplets of larger than colloidal size

A

Emulsion

89
Q

Motion of any colloidal particle suspended in a solvent

A

Brownian Motion

90
Q

Passage of solvent molecules from dilute solution to a more concentrated solution across a semipermeable membrane

A

Osmosis

91
Q

The amount of external pressure applied to the more concentrated solution to stop the passage of solvent molecules across a semipermeable membrane

A

Osmotic Pressure

92
Q

Pressure greater than the osmotic pressure is applied to the more concentrated solution so solvent flows from the concentrated solution to the dilute solution

A

Reverse Osmosis

93
Q

Process of artificially fixing nitrogen gas from air into ammonia

A

Haber Process

94
Q

Process that combines rubber and sulfur at high temperature

A

Vulcanization

95
Q

Energy released when one mole of a formula unit is produced by bonding together multiple gas atoms

A

Crystal Lattice Energy

96
Q

Method of determining lattice energy

A

Born-Haber cycle

97
Q

Effect of uncommon ions in a solution that increases solubility

A

Salt effect

98
Q

Effect of a second substance that contains the same ions that can participate in equilibrium

A

Common ion effect

99
Q

Effect when Q < Kc

A

System shifts towards product side

100
Q

Effect when Q > Kc

A

System shifts towards reactant side

101
Q

Theory that states bonds are formed when electrons in the bonding molecular orbital is greater than the electrons in the non-bonding molecular orbital

A

Molecular Orbital Theory

102
Q

Theory that states the formation of bond is due to overlap of orbitals

A

Valence Bond Theory

103
Q

Gap between the s and p energy bands

A

Forbidden Zone

104
Q

Chemical species consumed in an elementary step and produced in another

A

Intermediate

105
Q

Hypothetical species between reactants and products

A

Activated complex

106
Q

Reaction step with rate law that corresponds to molecularity of reaction

A

Elementary reaction

107
Q

Acidity trend along a column in the periodic table

A

Longer bond = stronger acid

108
Q

Acidity trend across a row in the periodic table

A

More polar = stronger acid

109
Q

TRUE or FALSE: For all adiabatic processes, the entropy change of the system must be zero

A

False

110
Q

TRUE or FALSE: For one component systems, it is possible for two phases in equilibrium to have different chemical potentials

A

False

111
Q

TRUE or FALSE: The change in Gibb’s free energy can be negative for a cyclic process

A

False

112
Q

TRUE or FALSE: A condition for equilibrium is that
(ΔA) T, F = 0

A

False

113
Q

TRUE or FALSE: Carbon-14 is continually generated in the upper atmosphere by the production and decay of nitrogen 14

A

True

114
Q

TRUE or FALSE: Carbon-14 incorporated into carbon dioxide and the other compounds are distributed worldwide as part of the carbon cycle

A

True

115
Q

TRUE or FALSE: The continual formation of carbon-14; transfer of isotope within the oceans, atmospheres and biosphere; and the decay of living matter keep the supply constant

A

True

116
Q

What is the common contaminant in the BTEx process?

A

Sulfur

117
Q

Chemical used as a plant hormone for ripening of fruits

A

Ethylene

118
Q

Other name for lecithin

A

Phosphatidylcholine

119
Q

Compound extracted from capsicum

A

Capsaicin

120
Q

Other name for alar

A

Daminozide

121
Q

Gives crimson red color in flame test

A

Sr

122
Q

Gives silver white color in flame test

A

Al

123
Q

Gives blue color in flame test

A

As

124
Q

Gives bright green color in flame test

A

B

125
Q

Gives bright orange color in flame test

A

C

126
Q

Gives brick red color in flame test

A

Ca

127
Q

Gives blue-green color in flame test

A

Cu

ChELE Review (12 decks)

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