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ChELE Review > Chemical Process Industries > Flashcards

Chemical Process Industries Flashcards

1
Q

Addition of alkyl radical with side chain final product

A

Alkylation
(Applications: petroleum, organic chemicals)

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2
Q

Creation of amine group by addition of ammonia

A

Amination by ammonolysis
(Applications: dyestuffs, synthetic fibers, organic chemicals)

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3
Q

Creation of amine group by adding hydrogen gas

A

Amination by reduction
(Applications: dyestuffs, organic chemicals)

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4
Q

Creation of amine group by oxidation

A

Ammonoxidation
(Applications: plastics, synthetic fibers)

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5
Q

Process of heating limestone to produce lime

A

Calcination
(Application: cement)

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6
Q

Creation of carbonyl compounds

A

Carbonylation

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7
Q

Creation of carboxylate salts

A

Carboxylation

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8
Q

Combination of two organic molecules

A

Condensation
(Application: synthetic perfumes)

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9
Q

Separation of long C-C chains into smaller chains

A

Pyrolysis or cracking

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10
Q

Process used in destructive distillation of coal and petroleum

A

Pyrolysis or cracking

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11
Q

Production of cyanide

A

Cyanidation or cyanation

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12
Q

Creation of cyclic compounds from C-C chains

A

Cyclization
(Application: petroleum)

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13
Q

Removal of water

A

Dehydration

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14
Q

Removal of hydrogen

A

Dehydrogenation
(Application: synthetic rubber)

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15
Q

Occurs between diazonium ions and the phenolic tyrosine, resulting in three new typical peaks in the SERS spectrum of the azo dye

A

Diazotization and coupling

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16
Q

Simultaneous reduction and oxidation

A

Disproportionation

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17
Q

Another term for double decomposition (switching of ion pairs in inorganic chemicals)

A

Metathesis

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18
Q

Triggered when acid is added to alcohol

A

Esterification
(Applications: oils and fats, soaps)

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19
Q

Addition of halogen to organic compound performed with or without light

A

Halogenation

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20
Q

Addition of water

A

Hydration

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21
Q

Production of aldehydes from alkenes

A

Hydroformylation

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22
Q

Another term for hydroformylation

A

Oxo Synthesis

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23
Q

Addition of hydrogen

A

Hydrogenation
(Applications: fats and waxes, coal hydrogenation, petroleum)

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24
Q

Cleavage of bonds by the addition of water

A

Hydrolysis

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25
Q

Oxidation of CH into COH

A

Hydroxylation
(Application: detergent)

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26
Q

Transformation of molecules into a different isomer

A

Isomerization
(Application: petroleum)

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27
Q

Introduction of nitrogen group into an organic compound

A

Nitration
(Applications: explosives, dyestuffs)

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28
Q

Conversion of monomers to macromolecular complexes through a finite degree of polymerization

A

Oligomerization

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29
Q

Applications of polymerization

A

Petroleum
Plastics
Elastomers
Synthetic fibers

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30
Q

Production of benzenesulfonic acid by adding SO₃ and H₂SO₄

A

Sulfonation
(Application: dyestuffs)

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31
Q

Conversion of carbonyl group to thiocarbonyl

A

Thionation

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32
Q

Manufacture of paper from pulp employing the Fourdrinier machine

A

Kraft Processes

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33
Q

Method of recovering hydrogen from water gas; carbon dioxide is reacted with steam at 500°C in the presence of catalyst to form CO and H₂

A

Bosch Process

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34
Q

Recovering copper from its sulfide ores by leaching with cupric and sodium or calcium chloride solution and electrolyzing. Product is CuCl₂ (cupric chloride)

A

Hoepner Process

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35
Q

Copper or iron sulfides fused and blown with air to burn out the sulfur content

A

Holloway Process

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36
Q

Formation of rust-resistant coating on iron base metal by oxidation with superheated steam

A

Barff Process

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37
Q

Reduction of lead ores, small charge is roasted slowly at low T, lead being collected outside the furnace by means of heat

A

Carinthian Process

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38
Q

Method of recovering gold and silver from their ores into a soluble form by treatment with cyanides

A

Cyanidation Process

39
Q

Rubber reclaiming process in which vulcanized scraps are introduced into a mixer where, in the presence of air, it is worked under pressure and at high T for a very short time

A

Banbury Process

39
Q

Sulfonation and extraction process in the manufacture of phenol

A

Dennis Bull Process

40
Q

Soda ash manufacture

A

Solvay Process

41
Q

Production of ammonia by direct combination of N₂ and H₂ at 600°C under 200-300 atm in the presence of a catalyst

A

Haber-Bosch Process

42
Q

Process of recovering sulfur from the buried porous cap rock of a salt dome and delivering it above ground as a product of suitable purity and condition for use

A

Frasch Process

43
Q

Extraction of aluminum from bauxite

A

Hall’s Process

44
Q

Catalyst used in manufacture of sulfuric acid by chamber process

A

Oxides of nitrogen

45
Q

Catalyst used in manufacture of sulfuric acid by contact process

A

V₂O₅ (vanadium oxide) on a porous carrier

46
Q

Why is SO₃ absorbed in 97% H₂SO₄ in the contact process?

A

Water forms an acid mist which is difficult to absorb

47
Q

TRUE or FALSE: Contact process yields higher concentration than chamber process

A

True

48
Q

Components of producer gas

A

CO, CO₂, H₂, N₂

49
Q

Oxygen is produced by fraction of air using

A

Linde’s Process and Claude’s Process

50
Q

Raw materials for Solvay Process

A

Salt, limestone, ammonia, coke oven gas

51
Q

Economics of the Solvay Process depends upon the efficiency of

A

Ammonia recovery and size of plant

52
Q

Components of cement

A

CaO, SiO₂, Al₂O₃

53
Q

Permanent hardness of water is due to the presence of ______

A

Sulphides and chlorides of Mg and Ca

54
Q

Widely used method for conditioning of boiler feed water

A

Hot-lime soda process

55
Q

Use of hydrazine

A

Rocket fuel

56
Q

Trinitro-toluene is a/an _____.

A

Explosive

57
Q

A mixture of glycerides of fatty acids

A

Oils

58
Q

Mixture of esters of polyhydric alcohols except glycerin

A

Wax

59
Q

Unsaturated oils have ____ melting point, and _____ reactivity to oxygen compared to saturated oils

A

Lower, Higher

60
Q

Rancidity of oil can be reduced by

A

Hydrogenation

61
Q

Solvent used for extraction of oil

A

Methyl ethyl ketone

62
Q

Catalyst used in hydrogenation of oil

A

Nickel

63
Q

Components of metallic soap

A

Aluminum and calcium salt of fatty acids

64
Q

Fat-splitting catalyst

A

ZnO

65
Q

Free alkali in toilet soap is _____ than laundry soap

A

Less

66
Q

Use of builders in soap

A

Boosts cleaning power

67
Q

Detergents which are easily oxidized

A

Biodegradable detergents

68
Q

Alkyl benzene sulfonate is a/an _____.

A

Detergent

69
Q

Yellow glycerin can be made into white using ____.

A

Activated Carbon

70
Q

Method used to obtain essential oils

A

Steam distillation

71
Q

Function of plasticizers in paints

A

Give elasticity and prevent cracking of film

72
Q

Which oil is preferred in paint manufacturing?

A

Drying oil

73
Q

Function of thinner in paints

A

Suspends pigments and dissolves film-forming materials

74
Q

Function of enamels

A

Give good glossy finish

75
Q

Why is SO₂ bubbled through hot sugar cane juice?

A

It acts as an acidifying agent

76
Q

Substance that increases the strength of tires

A

Carbon black

77
Q

Common hydrocarbon gas liquids

A

Butane and propane

78
Q

Refers to gases produced during oil production

A

Associated gas

79
Q

Gases separated during oil refining

A

Refinery gas

80
Q

Catalyzed reaction of carbon monoxide and hydrogen to form hydrocarbons

A

Fischer-Tropsch Process

81
Q

Fischer-Tropsch synthesis feed quality guidelines

A

< 1 ppm sulfur
< 1% aromatics

82
Q

Ideal catalyst for light component production in Fischer-Tropsch gasoline

A

Iron

83
Q

Ideal catalyst for heavy component production in Fischer-Tropsch diesel and waxes

A

Nickel

84
Q

Range of carbon chain lengths for LPG gas

A

C1 to C4

85
Q

Range of naphtha carbon chain lengths

A

C5 to C12

86
Q

Range of kerosene carbon chain lengths

A

C6 to C12

87
Q

Range of carbon chain lengths for diesel and gasoline

A

C12 to C18

88
Q

Range of carbon chain lengths for lubricating oil

A

C16 to C22

89
Q

Range of carbon chain lengths for residue, asphalt, and paraffin waxes

A

> C20

90
Q

Process of producing 1,3-propanediol using E. coli in a bioreactor

A

Dupont Process

91
Q

Precursor of nylon-6

A

Caprolactam

92
Q

Where is the major source of cheap natural gas located?

A

Middle East

ChELE Review (12 decks)

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