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Anatomy and Physiology Adv > chemistry comes alive > Flashcards

chemistry comes alive Flashcards

1
Q

matter

A

anything that occupies space and mass

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2
Q

mass

A

the amount of matter in an object

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3
Q

states of matter

A

solid
liquid
gas

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4
Q

what is the capacity to do work

A

energy

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5
Q

forms of energy

A

kinetic and potential

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6
Q

kinetic energy

A

energy of movement

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7
Q

potential energy

A

inactive, or stored energy

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8
Q

chemical energy

A

stored in chemical bonds
ex: bonds in food molecules

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9
Q

electrical energy

A

movement of charged particles
ex: when ions move across cell membranes

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10
Q

mechanical energy

A

energy moving matter
ex: muscle contraction

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11
Q

ATP

A

energy molecule for human cells

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12
Q

radiant/electromagnetic energy

A

travels in waves
ex: heat

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13
Q

energy conversions in the body release

A

heat

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14
Q

4 elements that make up 96% of the body weight

A

carbon
hydrogen
oxygen
nitrogen
(CHON)

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15
Q

proton

A

location: nucleus
charge: +
mass: 1

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16
Q

neutron

A

location: nucleus
charge: 0
mass: 1

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17
Q

electron

A

location: outside nucleus/electron cloud
charge: -
mass: 0

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18
Q

elements are identified based on their

A

protons

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19
Q

atomic number = ?

A

the number of protons

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20
Q

the number of electrons = ?

A

protons

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21
Q

the mass number = ?

A

protons + nuetrons

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22
Q

isotopes

A

the same number of protons, but different number of neutrons

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23
Q

radioisotopes

A

heavier, unstable isotopes of an element that spontaneously decompose into more stable forms, which produces radioactivity

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24
Q

molecules

A

combination of two or more atoms
ex: O2 -> oxygen
more than one atom

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25
Q

compounds

A

combination of two or more elements
ex: C6H12O6 -> glucose
more than one element

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26
Q

mixtures

A

two or more substances that are NOT chemically combined

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27
Q

solutions

A

homogenous (evenly distributed) mixtures

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28
Q

solvent

A

the substance present in the greatest amount

29
Q

solute

A

substances dissolved in the solvent

30
Q

universal solvent

A

water

31
Q

concentration

A

what solutions are described by, often expressed as a percentage, or molarity

32
Q

mixtures vs. compounds

A

mixtures:
- NO chemical bonding occurs between molecules
compounds:
- chemical bonding is possible between molecules
- only homogenous

33
Q

chemical bond

A

an energy relationship between the electrons of the reacting atoms

34
Q

octet rule

A

8 is great, creates a full outer shell making it stable

35
Q

ionic bonds

A

chemical bonds that form between two atoms that transfer one or more electrons from one atom to the other

36
Q

anion

A

the atom that receives the electron and gains negative charge

37
Q

cation

A

the atom that loses the electron and acquires a positive charge

38
Q

most ionic compounds form what

A

salts, and when dry, form crystals that are held together by ionic bonds

39
Q

covalent bonds

A

occur when pairs of atoms share electrons
can be either polar or non-polar

40
Q

polar

A

unequal sharing of electrons
often referred to as a dipole due to the two poles of charges contained in the molecule

41
Q

non-polar

A

equal sharing of electrons

42
Q

hydrogen bonds

A

formed when a hydrogen, that is covalently bonded to one atom, is attracted to another electronegative atom
responsible for molecular attractions between water molecules that create surface tension
responsible for stabilizing the three dimensional shapes of large molecules
ex: DNA, proteins, and enzymes

43
Q

synthesis/combination

A

formation of chemical bonds and are the basis of anabolic, or constructive, processes in cells

44
Q

decomposition

A

a molecule is broken down into smaller molecules by breaking down chemical bonds and is catabolic

45
Q

exchange/displacement

A

parts of reactants trade places forming new products

46
Q

reduction

A

special exchange reactions in which electrons are exchanged between reactants: the molecule losing electrons is oxidized and the molecule receiving the electrons is reduced
OIL RIG

47
Q

oxidation-reduction reactions

A

the basis for all reactions in which food is broken down to produce ATP

48
Q

exergonic reactions

A

often catabolic (catastrophic), energy is released

49
Q

endergonic

A

often anabolic, result in products that contain more potential energy

50
Q

increases in temperature

A

increase the rate of a chemical reaction by increasing the kinetic energy

51
Q

higher concentrations of reactants

A

result in a faster rate of reaction because the likelihood of collisions increases

52
Q

catalysts (enzymes)

A

increase the rate of a chemicals reaction without taking part in the reaction

53
Q

what percentage of the volume of most living cells is made up of water

A

60-80%

54
Q

what allows water to absorb and release a great deal of heat before it changes temperature

A

high heat capacity

55
Q

high heat of vaporization

A

it takes a great deal of energy (heat) to break the bonds between water molecules

56
Q

what forms a protective cushion around organs of the body

A

water

57
Q

salts

A

ionic compounds which dissociate in water and contain cations and anions other than H+ and OH-

58
Q

acids

A

proton donors that have a sour taste and dissociate in water to yield H+ ions and anions

59
Q

bases

A

proton acceptors, taste bitter, feel slippery, and absorb H+ ions

60
Q

what are the relative concentration of H+ ions measured in?

A

concentration units called pH units

61
Q

the greater the concentration of H+ ions…

A

the more acidic the solution, and the pH value is lower

62
Q

the greater the concentration of hydroxyl ions…

A

the more basic or alkaline, the solution, resulting in a higher pH value

63
Q

what is the range of the pH scale?

A

0-14

64
Q

what is the pH of a base?

A

above 7

65
Q

what is the pH of an acid?

A

below 7

66
Q

what is the neutral pH?

A

7

67
Q

when does neutralization occur?

A

when an acid and a base are mixed together, creating displacement reactions that form a salt and water. (Orange juice and toothpaste example)

68
Q

why are buffers that resist large changes in ph damaging?

A

it would be damaging to living tissues by releasing H+ when pH rises and binding up H+ when pH drops

Anatomy and Physiology Adv (8 decks)

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