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Anatomy and Physiology Adv > central nervous system > Flashcards

central nervous system Flashcards

1
Q

CNS is composed of

A

brain and spinal cord

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2
Q

how many regions does the brain have

A

4
1. cerebral hemispheres (cerebrum)
2. diencephalon
3. brain stem
4. cerebellum

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3
Q

gray matter

A

nonmyelinated

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4
Q

white matter

A

myelinated

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5
Q

basic pattern found in CNS

A

central cavity surrounded by gray matter, with white matter external to gray matter

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6
Q

cerebrum and cerebellum have

A

gray on the outside (cortex) surrounding white matter

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7
Q

ventricles

A
  • fluid filled chambers
  • filled with CSF
  • lined by ependymal cells
  • there are 4
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8
Q

cerebral hemispheres

A

make up 83% of the mass

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9
Q

markings

A

gyri - ridge
sulci - shallow groove
fissure - deep groove
longitudinal - separates two hemispheres
transverse - separates cerebrum and cerebellum

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10
Q

lobes

A

frontal
parietal
temporal
occipital
insula

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11
Q

sulci divide

A

the lobes

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12
Q

central sulcus

A

divides frontal and parietal

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13
Q

parieto occipital sulcus

A

divides parietal and occipital

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14
Q

lateral sulcus

A

divides frontal and temporal

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15
Q

3 regions of cerebral hemisphere

A
  1. cerebral cortex of gray matter superficially (outer edge)
  2. white matter internally
  3. basal nuclei deep within white matter
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16
Q

cerebral cortex is the

A

executive suite of the brain
site of the conscious mind
- awareness
- sensory reception
- voluntary motor initiation
- communication
- memory storage

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17
Q

thin superficial layer of cerebral cortex

A

2-4mm
gray matter

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18
Q

considerations of the cerebral cortex

A
  • 3 types of functional areas
  • each hemisphere is concerned with the contralateral/opposite side of the body
  • lateralization (specialization) of function can only occur in one hemisphere
  • conscious behavior involves entire cortex
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19
Q

3 functional areas

A
  1. motor - controlling voluntary movement
  2. sensory - conscious awareness of sensation
  3. association - integrate diverse information
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20
Q

motor areas

A
  • located in frontal lobe
  • act to control voluntary movement
  • primary (somatic) motor cortex
  • premotor cortex
  • broca’s area
  • frontal eye field
  • damage to areas of primary motor cortex result in no movement/paralysis
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21
Q

primary (somatic) motor cortex

A
  • located in precentral gyrus of frontal lobe
  • pyramidal cells allow conscious control of precise, skilled skeletal muscle movements
  • tracts project down spinal cord
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22
Q

premotor cortex

A
  • helps plan movement
  • controls learned, repetitious, or patterned motor skills
  • coordinated simultaneous or sequential actions
23
Q

broca’s area

A
  • usually in left hemisphere
  • motor speech area; directs the muscles of speech production
24
Q

frontal eye field

A

controls voluntary eye movement

25
Q

sensory areas

A

concerned with conscious awareness of sensation
- there are 8 main areas

26
Q

8 main areas

A
  1. primary somatosensory cortex
  2. somatosensory association cortex
  3. visual areas
  4. auditory areas
  5. vestibular cortex
  6. olfactory cortex
  7. gustatory cortex
  8. visceral sensory cortex
27
Q

primary somatosensory cortex

A
  • located in postcenteal gyrus of parietal lobe
  • sensory information from skin and proprioceptors
  • spatial discrimination: identification of body region being stimulated
28
Q

somatosensory association cortex

A
  • posterior to primary somatosensory cortex
  • integrates sensory inputs from primary somatosensory cortex for understanding of object
  • determines size, texture, and relationship of parts of objects being felt
29
Q

visual areas

A
  1. primary visual area
    - located: posterior tip of occipital lobe
    - receives visual info from retinas
  2. visual association area
    - interprets visual stimuli (color, form, movement)
    - complex processing involves entire posterior half of cerebral hemispheres
30
Q

auditory areas

A
  1. primary auditory areas
    - located: superior margin of temporal lobes
    - interprets info from, inner ear as pitch, loudness, and location
  2. auditory association areas
    - posterior to primary auditory cortex
    - stores memories of sounds and permits of sound
31
Q

olfactory cortex

A

awareness of odors

32
Q

vestibular cortex

A

awareness of balance

33
Q

gustatory cortex

A

perception of taste

34
Q

visceral sensory cortex

A

perception of bladder/stomach/internal organs

35
Q

multimodal association areas

A
  1. receive input from multiple sensory areas
  2. sends output to multiple areas
  3. allows us to give meaning and store memories
  4. sensations, thoughts, and emotions become conscious
  5. 3 parts
36
Q

3 parts

A
  1. anterior association area
  2. posterior association area
  3. limbic association
37
Q

anterior association area

A
  • also called prefrontal cortex
  • involved with intellect, cognition, recall, personality
  • contains working memory; judgement, reasoning, and planning
38
Q

limbic association

A
  • provides emotional impact
  • helps establish memories
39
Q

posterior association area

A
  • recognition of patterns and faces
  • wernicke’s area - understanding written and spoken language
40
Q

lateralization

A
  • hemispheres not identical
  • cerebral dominance: most are left sided, right handed
  • left hemisphere controls language, math, and logic
  • right hemisphere controls visual-spatial skills, intuition, emotion, artistic and musical skills
41
Q

membrane must depolarize to

A

15 to 20 mV

42
Q

Na+

A

permeability increases

43
Q

Na+ moves ___, K+ moves ___

A

in, out

44
Q

AP are

A

self propagating

45
Q

AP can travel ONLY in what direction

A

forward

46
Q

influx of Na+ cause

A

local currents that open Na+ voltage gates
–> domino effect

47
Q

CNS tells difference of weak or strong by

A

the frequency of impulses

48
Q

what is a refractory period

A
  • when a neuron cannot trigger another AP
  • voltage gated channels are open
49
Q

absolute refractory period

A
  • from opening of Na+ channels to resetting of channels
  • ensures its all or none and enforces one way transmission of nerve impulses
50
Q

relative refractory period

A
  • follows ARP
  • most Na+ channels have returned to resting state
  • repolarzing is occurring
  • threshold is elevated
  • stimulus must be strong to get a new AP
51
Q

rate of propagation depends on

A
  1. axon diameter
  2. degree of myelination
52
Q

continuous conduction

A

speed is slower

53
Q

saltatory conduction

A
  • AP only generated in gaps
  • electrical signal jumps rapidly from gap to gap

Anatomy and Physiology Adv (8 decks)

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