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Anatomy and Physiology Adv > bones 🦴 > Flashcards

bones 🦴 Flashcards

1
Q

human skeleton initially consists of _ ?

A

cartilage

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2
Q

the cartilage gets replaced by _ ?

A

bone, except where flexibility is needed

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3
Q

types of cartilage

A

hyaline
elastic
fibrocartilage

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4
Q

what type of cartilage…
- provides support, flexibility, and resilience
- most abundant
- fibers: collagen
- location: joints, costal cartilage, larynx, nasal cartilage

A

HYALINE

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4
Q

what type of cartilage…
- provides elasticity
- fibers: elastic
- location: external ear and epiglottis

A

ELASTIC

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5
Q

what type of cartilage…
- provides tensile strength
- fibers: collagen
- location: menisci of knee and vertebral discs

A

FIBROCARTILAGE

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6
Q

protection is for…

A

protect brain, spinal cord, and vital organs

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7
Q

bone functions

A

support
protection
movement
mineral and growth factor storage
blood cell formation
triglyceride storage
hormone production

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8
Q

support is for…

A

body and soft organs

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9
Q

movement is for…

A

levers for muscle action

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10
Q

mineral and growth factor storage is for…

A

calcium and phosphorus

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11
Q

blood cell formation is for…

A

hematopoiesis, red marrow

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12
Q

triglyceride storage is for…

A

fat, used for energy source, yellow marrow

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13
Q

hormone production is for…

A

osteocalcin secreted by bones helps to regulate insulin secretion, glucose levels, and metabolism

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14
Q

total # of bones in the body

A

206

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15
Q

location classifications

A

axial
appendicular

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16
Q

long axis of body
ex: skull, vertebral column, rib cage

A

axial

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16
Q

bones of upper and lower limbs
ex: girdles attaching limbs to axial skeleton

A

appendicular

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17
Q

shape classifications

A

long
short
flat
irregular

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18
Q

longer than they are wide
ex: limb bones

A

long bones

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19
Q

cube-shaped bones (wrist and ankle)
ex: sesamoid bones (patella)

A

short bones

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20
Q

thin, flat, slightly curved
ex: sternum, scapulae, ribs, skull bones

A

flat bones

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21
Q

complicated shape
ex: vertebrae and hip bones

A

irregular bones

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22
Q

what tissues make bones an organ

A

bone
nervous
cartilage
fibrous connective
muscle cells
epithelial cells

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23
Q

3 levels of structure

A

gross
microscopic
chemical

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24
Q

dense outer layer appears smooth and solid

A

compact bone

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25
Q

honeycomb are small needle like flat spaces

A

Trabeculae

26
Q

open spaces are filled with red or yellow marrow

A

spongy

27
Q

shaft
consists of compact bone surrounding central medullar cavity filled with yellow marrow in adults

A

diaphysis

28
Q

ends
external compact
internal spongy
articular cartilage covers the joint
epiphyseal line/plate

A

epiphysis

29
Q

White double layered
Covers external surfaces except joints
Contains nerve fibers and blood vessels
Anchors tendons and ligaments
Has osteogenic cells

A

periosteum

30
Q

Covers internal bone surface
Covers trabeculae of spongy bone
Lines canals that pass through compact bone and has osteogenic cells

A

endosteum

31
Q

found in cavities of spongy bone
newborns also found in medullary cavities
in adults it is found in the dipole of flat bones - sternum - heads of femur and humerus
most active area - HIPS

A

red marrow

32
Q

-mitotically active and found in periostium and endosteum
-differentiates into osteoblasts, bone-lining cells, some remain osteogenic stem cells

A

osteogenic
(aka osteoprogenitor cells)

33
Q

-bone forming cells that deposit unmineralized bone matrix called osteoid which is made up of collagen and calcium binding proteins.
-are actively mitotic

A

osteoblasts

34
Q

collagen makes up ____% of bone protein

A

90%

35
Q

-mature cells in lacunae
-do not divide
-respond to mechanical stimuli
-communicate info. with osteoblasts and osteoclasts

A

osteocytes

35
Q

help maintain matrix

A

bone-lining cells

35
Q

derived from hematopoietic stem cells that become macrophages
function in bone reassign calcium, bone resorption.

A

osteoclasts

36
Q

compact bone = ?

A

lamellar bone

37
Q

compact bone consists of ?

A

osteon (haversian system)
canals and canaliculi -> supply blood and nutrients
interstitial and circumferential lamellae -> rings -> network for matrix

38
Q

organized along lines of stress
trabeculae give strength
no osteons are present
capillaries supply nutrients

A

spongy bone

39
Q

ends out of normal alignment after fracture

A

Displaced

40
Q

normal position after fracture

A

Non-displaced

41
Q

broken all the way

A

Complete

42
Q

not broken all the way

A

Incomplete

43
Q

skin is not penetrated

A

Simple - closed

44
Q

skin is penetrated

A

Compound - open

45
Q

bone fragments into three or more pieces

A

comminuted

46
Q

bone is crushed

A

compression

47
Q

ragged break caused by twisting forces applied to bone

A

spiral

48
Q

epiphysis separates from the diaphysis along the epiphyseal plate

A

Epiphyseal

49
Q

broken bone pressed inward
most commonly occurs in skull

A

Depressed

50
Q

incomplete fracture – twig breaking – one side breaks, one side bends

A

greenstick

51
Q

4 major stages of bone repair

A

a. Hematoma formation
b. Fibrocartilage callus
c. Bony callus
d. Remodel

52
Q

growth usually stops during

A

adolescence

53
Q

females age ?

A

18

54
Q

males age ?

A

21

55
Q

grows in thickness

A

throughout entire life
in response to muscle activity or added weight

56
Q

What is hematopoiesis?

A

blood cell production

56
Q

calcium roles in the body

A

nerve transmission
muscle contraction -> heart
blood coagulation
cell division

56
Q

too much growth hormone = ?

A

giantism

56
Q

what stimulates the epiphyseal plate activity

A

growth hormone

56
Q

what hormone regulates growth hormone

A

thyroid hormone

57
Q

too little growth hormone = ?

A

dwarfism

Anatomy and Physiology Adv (8 decks)

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