2.7-2.10 quiz Flashcards
what are the molecules unique to living systems
carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids
many biomolecules are macromolecules. what are macromolecules
large complex molecules consisting of thousands of atoms
polymers
chainlike molecules made of many smaller subunits, monomers, joined by dehydration synthesis
dehydration synthesis
a hydrogen atom is removed from one monomer and a hydroxyl group is removed from the atom resulting in a covalent bond
hydrolysis
a water molecule is used to split the covalent bond between two atoms, in reverse of dehydration synthesis
carbohydrates are used for what
energy
what do carbohydrates contain
carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
includes sugars and starches
monosaccharides
simple sugars, that are single chain or single ring structures
example: glucose
disaccharides
formed when two monosaccharides are joined
example: sucrose and maltose
polysaccharides
long chains of monosaccharides
example: starch and glycogen (storage)
are lipids soluble in water
no
3 types of lipids
triglycerides, phospholipids, and steroids
what do triglycerides consist of
glycerol and fatty acids
where are triglycerides found
beneath the skin, and serve as insulation and mechanical protection
two types of fatty acids
saturated and unsaturated:
what are phospholipids
diglycerides primarily used to construct cell membranes
two fatty acid tails
non polar, hydrophobic region of the molecule, interacts on with other non polar molecules
characteristics of the head
polar, hydrophilic region that interacts with polar molecules, such as water
steroids
all derived from cholesterol, and are flat molecules made up of four hydrocarbon interlocking rings
they are used in the body cell membranes and hormones
what are proteins
basic structural material of the body and play vital roles in cell function
proteins are long chains of ______
amino acids, joined by peptide bonds
how many structural levels do proteins have
4
primary structure
linear sequence of amino acids
secondary structure
proteins twist and turn on themselves, either spiraled alpha helix or beta pleated sheets
tertiary strucure
protein folds upon itself to form a ball-like structure
quaternary structure
two or more polypeptide chains group together to form a complex protein
What is the job of fibrous proteins?
Fibrous proteins provide mechanical support
(ex: cytoskeleton, actin, myosin)
What are characteristics of fibrous proteins?
extended, strandlike, insoluble molecules
What is the job of a globular protein?
Molecules that oversee most cellular functions
(ex: lactase)
Characteristics of globular protein?
Compact, spherical, water soluble, and chemically active molecules
What is protein denaturation?
A loss of the 3-dimensional structure of a protein, leading to a potential loss of function.
What environmental factors lead to protein denaturation?
pH, and Temperature
What are enzymes?
Proteins that act as biological catalysts.
What does it mean for an enzyme to be chemically specific?
It binds only to certain substrates and possesses an active site.
Enzymes work by lowering the ______
Activation energy
What is an active site?
The location on the protein that catalyzes the reaction.
Activation energy is what part of a roller coaster?
Going up the hill
What is the job of DNA and RNA?
To store, transmit, and help express genetic information.
What does DNA stand for?
Deoxyribonucleic acid
What does RNA stand for?
Ribonucleic acid
What is DNA?
The genetic material found within the nucleus.
Two primary roles of DNA
To replace itself before cell division and to provide instructions for making all of the proteins
Where is RNA located?
Outside of the nucleus
what does RNA do?
Used to make proteins using instructions provided by the DNA
What are the 3 major types of RNA that participate in protein synthesis?
Messenger, ribosomal, and transfer
What does transfer RNA bring?
Amino acids
What is a nucleotide?
The structural units of nucleic acids.
What are the 3 components of a nucleotide?
Nitrogenous base, pentose sugar, and a phosphate group.
What 2 nitrogenous bases are purines and how many rings do they have?
Adenine (A) and Guanine (G), contain 2 rings
What 3 nitrogenous bases are pyrimidines and how many rings do they have?
Cytosine (c) Thymine (T) and uracil (U), contains 1 ring
Shape of DNA
Double stranded double helix
What are the bonding pairs in DNA?
A-T
G-C
Structure of RNA
Single stranded
What does the structure of RNA contain?
The nitrogenous bases A, G, C, and U, and the sugar Ribose
What bases pair in RNA
G-C
A-U
ATP transfers energy to other _____
Compounds
what is ATP used for in the cell?
Primary energy
What is ATP?
An adenine-containing RNA nucleotide that has two additional phosphate groups attached, connected by high-energy bonds.
How is energy transferred from ATP to other systems in cells?
Phosphorylation
What is phosphorylation
Removal of the terminal phosphate from ATP and binding it to other compounds
what are lipids for
membrane
what are proteins for
doing the work in reactions
what are nucleic acids for
code
What is transport work?
Activates the transporter, which then moves molecules across the membrane
What is mechanical work?
Allows interactions that result in the shortening of the cell
What is chemical work?
Provides energy to power energy-absorbing reactions.
what does saturated mean
having only single bonds between adjacent carbons
what does unsaturated mean
having at least one double bond between a pair of carbons in the chain
