Chemistry Flashcards
What are the 5 types of chemical reactions?
Synthesis, Decomposition, Single Displacement, Double Displacement, Combustion
Decomposition
A LARGE / complex compound breaks down into 2 or more SMALLER compounds
(AB -> A + B)
Single Displacement
1 ELEMENT is replaced by another COMPOUND
(A+BC) ->AC+B
Double Displacement
2 ionic COMPOUNDS exchange ionic PARTNERS
(AB + CD -> CB + AD)
Combustion
Substance burns / reacts quickly with oxygen that releases energy forming oxides
(X + O2 (g) -> XO + energy)
Synthesis
2 REACTANTS combine to make a LARGER (more complex) PRODUCT
(A + B -> AB)
EXothermic Reaction
Have energy as a PRODUCT (exiting)
NaOH (aq) + HCl (aq) -> NaCl (aq) + H2O (l) + Energy
*reaction vessel gets HOT
ENdothermic Reaction
Have energy as a REACTANT (entering)
CaCO3 (s) + heat energy -> CaO (s) + CO2 (g)
*reaction vessel gets COLD
Meaning of pH
Power of Hydrogen
Acid pH range
1-6 (lemon)
Water pH
7
Basie pH range
8-14 (drain cleaner)
Neutralization Reaction
An acid and a base react to form products that have a neutral pH
Acid + Base -> Water + Ionic Compound (salt)
What type of reaction is neutralization?
Double Displacement
Left side & Right side
Reactants -> Products
Word equation
iron + sulphur -> iron (ll) sulphide + energy
Diatomic Molecules
H - H2
N - N2
F - F2
O - O2
I - I2
C - Cl2 (chlorine)
B (l) - Br2
Chemical Equations
Includes the state of each substance (solid, liquid, gas) and aqueous solutions (aq) - dissolved in water
Skeleton Chemical Equations
Translates the chemical name into the chemical formula for each substance involved in the reaction
CuSO2 (aq) + Fe (s) -> FeSO4 (aq) + Cu(s)
Monatomic Molecules
Elements that come as single atoms
What do commas in Word equations do?
Comma cuts off (means to include an arrow)
Counting Atoms (balanced equations)
Calculate how many atoms are in each compound or reactants’ side and on the products’ side of the equation
example:
CH4
Carbon (C) - 1; Oxygen (O) - 2
Coefficient (balancing equations)
The Number in front of the compound telling us how many of that compound there are
Coefficient = Multiplier
Polyatomic Ion
Ion made up of 2 or more atoms that act as a single charged particle (fomo)
Hydrogen -> group with anything
(sulphate, bromate, carbonate, etc)
3 steps to name an ionic compound that contains a multivalent metal ion
- POSITIVE METAL ion name
- Roman numerals (which positive ion you have / charge)
- NEGATIVE non-metal ion ending with “ide”
Copper (ll) Chloride = Cu^+2 Cl^-1 = CuCl^2
Physical Properties
CAN go back to its original form (precipitation process)
Chemical Properties
CANNOT be changed (irreversible)
(toasted bread)
Quantitative Properties
Numbers & Measurements
Qualitative Properties
Color, Shape, Sound, Texture
What are acids?
Molecular Compounds
3 Acid Physical properties and strong/weak examples
- Taste sour
- Conducts electricity
- Common uses: Cleaners
Strong: HCl
Weak: H2C2H3O2 (vinegar)
3 Acid Chemical Properties
- Reacts with metals / carbonates
- Litmus paper turns red
- Neutralizes bases
Binary Acids and example
- Contain 2 elements (hydrogen and another non-metal)
- Name begins with the prefix “HYDRO” & ends with acid (IC)
example:
Hydrofluoric Acid - HF (aq) - Etching Glass
Oxy Acids and example
- Contains 1 polyatomic ion (contains oxygen) and hydrogen ions
- Named after the polyatomic ion, ending changes to “IC” followed by the word “acid”
example:
Sulphuric - H2SO4 (aq) - related to polyatomic ion (SO4^-2) - sulphate (polyatomic ion name)
2 ways molecular compounds form
- 2 non-metals combine
- Electrons shared between the 2 non-metals
3 ways non-metals can share electrons
- Single Bond (2 electrons - 1 from each atom)
- Double Bond (4 electrons - 2 from each atom)
- Triple bond (6 electrons - 3 from each atom)
3 parts of naming Molecular Compounds (ONLY FOR NON-METALS)
- Non-metal that comes in the formula
- Non-metal that is written LAST in the formula with ending changes to “IDE”
- Prefix that indicate hoe many atoms of each non-metal are present
*if first part of the name has 1 atom DON’T put “mono”
prefix and subscripts:
H2O = Dihydrogen Monoxide
What type of chemical reaction is
NaBr + Ca(OH)2 -> CaBr2 = NaOH
Double Displacement
What type of chemical reaction is
Zr(s) + 2HCl (aq) -> ZnCL2 (aq) + H2 (g)
Single Displacement
What type of chemical reaction is
CH4 (g) + O2 (g) -> CO2 (g) = H2O
Combustion
What type of chemical reaction is
8ZN (s) + S8 (s) -> 8ZnS (s)
Synthesis
What type of chemical reaction is
NaCl -> Na + Cl2
Decomposition
When aluminum and nitrogen form a compound, how many electrons are transferred?
3
What bond is most likely to form between chlorine atom & a sodium atom?
Ionic Bond
An unknown element “Z” reacts with sulfur to form a compound “ZS”:
What is the ironic charge of element Z?
zero sum rule
S^-2 (sulfur) Zn^+2 (zinc)
Chemical Formula for PbO
Lead (ll) Oxide
Chemical Name for Cobalt (lll) Phosphide
CoP
What is the difference in the type of bond formed in each molecule (CO2) & (AlBr3)
CO2 = Molecular
AlBr3 = Ionic
What is the difference in HOW THE BOND IS FORMED in each molecule (CO2) & (AlBr3)
CO2 = 2 non-metals / share electrons
ALBr3 = 1 non-metal / 1 metal
How many oxygen metals are there in 2Al^2 (CO^3)3
18
Which one isn’t a diatomic molecule (oxygen, phosphorus, chlorine, nitrogen)
Phosphorus
Word equation:
Hydrogen Nitrate Solution is mixed with Calcium Hydroxide solution to produce Liquid Water & a Solid Precipitate of Calcium Nitrate
Hydrogen nitrate solution + calcium hydroxide solution -> liquid water + precipitate of calcium nitrate
Chemical Equation:
Hydrogen Nitrate Solution is mixed with Calcium Hydroxide solution to produce Liquid Water & a Solid Precipitate of Calcium Nitrate
2 HNO3 (aq) + Ca(OH)2 (aq) → 2 H2O (l) + Ca(NO3)2 (s)
When dissolved in water, which ions are released from an acid?
Hydrogen Ions
How can you tell if it is a base by looking at the chemical formula?
The ending (OH or CO3)
Name Mg(OH)2
Magnesium Hydroxide
How are chemical equations balanced?
Adding coefficients
Which law do chemical equations follow
Conservation of Mass
What is the value of z?
xCr + yO2 -> zCr2O3
2
Classify HF (aq) & NaHCO3 (aq) as acids or bases
HF = acid
NaHCO3 = base
Bee stings and mosquito bites are acidic. The first aid procedure for relieving the pain is to treat the sting with a baking soda (NaHCOs) paste. Why would this treatment be effective? Be sure to include the general products that this kind of chemical reaction produces in your answer
General products:
Salt, Water, & Carbon Dioxide
Difference between a Covalent Bond and an Ionic Bond
Covalent: Electrons shared between 2 non-metals
Ionic: Electrons transferred from metal to non-metal ..
Base physical properties and strong/weak example
- Bitter
- Slippery
- Conducts electricity
- Reacts with natural products / proteins
Strong: NaOH
Weak: NaHCO3
How does the heart of a mammal (human) have an advantage over a fish and a frog? Compare them
Humans have 2 ventricles & fish/frog have 1 ventricle, this means we can pump more blood and at a faster pace.
Why can using a lot of face washes cause more acne?
Excessive use of acidic skincare products can disrupt the skin’s natural pH, which is crucial for maintaining its barrier function. These acids can lower the skin’s pH by the shedding of dead skin cells. This process can thin out the outermost layer of the skin, making it more prone to irritation and sensitivity. The disrupted pH balance compromises the skin’s ability to retain moisture and protect against environmental stressors. As a result, frequent use of these acids can lead to increased redness, dryness, and discomfort.
