Chemistry Flashcards by Jaseena Manchanda

What are the 5 types of chemical reactions?

Synthesis, Decomposition, Single Displacement, Double Displacement, Combustion

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Decomposition

A LARGE / complex compound breaks down into 2 or more SMALLER compounds

(AB -> A + B)

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Single Displacement

1 ELEMENT is replaced by another COMPOUND

(A+BC) ->AC+B

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Double Displacement

2 ionic COMPOUNDS exchange ionic PARTNERS

(AB + CD -> CB + AD)

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Combustion

Substance burns / reacts quickly with oxygen that releases energy forming oxides

(X + O2 (g) -> XO + energy)

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Synthesis

2 REACTANTS combine to make a LARGER (more complex) PRODUCT

(A + B -> AB)

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EXothermic Reaction

Have energy as a PRODUCT (exiting)

NaOH (aq) + HCl (aq) -> NaCl (aq) + H2O (l) + Energy

*reaction vessel gets HOT

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ENdothermic Reaction

Have energy as a REACTANT (entering)

CaCO3 (s) + heat energy -> CaO (s) + CO2 (g)

*reaction vessel gets COLD

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Meaning of pH

Power of Hydrogen

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Acid pH range

1-6 (lemon)

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Water pH

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Basie pH range

8-14 (drain cleaner)

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Neutralization Reaction

An acid and a base react to form products that have a neutral pH

Acid + Base -> Water + Ionic Compound (salt)

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What type of reaction is neutralization?

Double Displacement

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Left side & Right side

Reactants -> Products

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Word equation

iron + sulphur -> iron (ll) sulphide + energy

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Diatomic Molecules

H - H2
N - N2
F - F2
O - O2
I - I2
C - Cl2 (chlorine)
B (l) - Br2

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Chemical Equations

Includes the state of each substance (solid, liquid, gas) and aqueous solutions (aq) - dissolved in water

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Skeleton Chemical Equations

Translates the chemical name into the chemical formula for each substance involved in the reaction

CuSO2 (aq) + Fe (s) -> FeSO4 (aq) + Cu(s)

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Monatomic Molecules

Elements that come as single atoms

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What do commas in Word equations do?

Comma cuts off (means to include an arrow)

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Counting Atoms (balanced equations)

Calculate how many atoms are in each compound or reactants’ side and on the products’ side of the equation

example:
CH4
Carbon (C) - 1; Oxygen (O) - 2

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Coefficient (balancing equations)

The Number in front of the compound telling us how many of that compound there are

Coefficient = Multiplier

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Polyatomic Ion

Ion made up of 2 or more atoms that act as a single charged particle (fomo)

Hydrogen -> group with anything

(sulphate, bromate, carbonate, etc)

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3 steps to name an ionic compound that contains a multivalent metal ion

1. POSITIVE METAL ion name 2. Roman numerals (which positive ion you have / charge) 3. NEGATIVE non-metal ion ending with "ide" Copper (ll) Chloride = Cu^+2 Cl^-1 = CuCl^2

Physical Properties

CAN go back to its original form (precipitation process)

Chemical Properties

CANNOT be changed (irreversible) (toasted bread)

Quantitative Properties

Numbers & Measurements

Qualitative Properties

Color, Shape, Sound, Texture

What are acids?

Molecular Compounds

3 Acid Physical properties and strong/weak examples

1. Taste sour 2. Conducts electricity 3. Common uses: Cleaners Strong: HCl Weak: H2C2H3O2 (vinegar)

3 Acid Chemical Properties

1. Reacts with metals / carbonates 2. Litmus paper turns red 3. Neutralizes bases

Binary Acids and example

- Contain 2 elements (hydrogen and another non-metal) - Name begins with the prefix "HYDRO" & ends with acid (IC) example: Hydrofluoric Acid - HF (aq) - Etching Glass

Oxy Acids and example

- Contains 1 polyatomic ion (contains oxygen) and hydrogen ions - Named after the polyatomic ion, ending changes to "IC" followed by the word "acid" example: Sulphuric - H2SO4 (aq) - related to polyatomic ion (SO4^-2) - sulphate (polyatomic ion name)

2 ways molecular compounds form

1. 2 non-metals combine 2. Electrons shared between the 2 non-metals

3 ways non-metals can share electrons

1. Single Bond (2 electrons - 1 from each atom) 2. Double Bond (4 electrons - 2 from each atom) 3. Triple bond (6 electrons - 3 from each atom)

3 parts of naming Molecular Compounds (ONLY FOR NON-METALS)

1. Non-metal that comes in the formula 2. Non-metal that is written LAST in the formula with ending changes to "IDE" 3. Prefix that indicate hoe many atoms of each non-metal are present *if first part of the name has 1 atom DON'T put "mono" prefix and subscripts: H2O = Dihydrogen Monoxide

What type of chemical reaction is NaBr + Ca(OH)2 -> CaBr2 = NaOH

Double Displacement

What type of chemical reaction is Zr(s) + 2HCl (aq) -> ZnCL2 (aq) + H2 (g)

Single Displacement

What type of chemical reaction is CH4 (g) + O2 (g) -> CO2 (g) = H2O

Combustion

What type of chemical reaction is 8ZN (s) + S8 (s) -> 8ZnS (s)

Synthesis

What type of chemical reaction is NaCl -> Na + Cl2

Decomposition

When aluminum and nitrogen form a compound, how many electrons are transferred?

What bond is most likely to form between chlorine atom & a sodium atom?

Ionic Bond

An unknown element "Z" reacts with sulfur to form a compound "ZS": What is the ironic charge of element Z? *zero sum rule*

S^-2 (sulfur) Zn^+2 (zinc)

Chemical Formula for PbO

Lead (ll) Oxide

Chemical Name for Cobalt (lll) Phosphide

CoP

What is the difference in the type of bond formed in each molecule (CO2) & (AlBr3)

CO2 = Molecular AlBr3 = Ionic

What is the difference in HOW THE BOND IS FORMED in each molecule (CO2) & (AlBr3)

CO2 = 2 non-metals / share electrons ALBr3 = 1 non-metal / 1 metal

How many oxygen metals are there in 2Al^2 (CO^3)3

Which one isn't a diatomic molecule (oxygen, phosphorus, chlorine, nitrogen)

Phosphorus

Word equation: Hydrogen Nitrate Solution is mixed with Calcium Hydroxide solution to produce Liquid Water & a Solid Precipitate of Calcium Nitrate

Hydrogen nitrate solution + calcium hydroxide solution -> liquid water + precipitate of calcium nitrate

Chemical Equation: Hydrogen Nitrate Solution is mixed with Calcium Hydroxide solution to produce Liquid Water & a Solid Precipitate of Calcium Nitrate

2 HNO3 (aq) + Ca(OH)2 (aq) → 2 H2O (l) + Ca(NO3)2 (s)

When dissolved in water, which ions are released from an acid?

Hydrogen Ions

How can you tell if it is a base by looking at the chemical formula?

The ending (OH or CO3)

Name Mg(OH)2

Magnesium Hydroxide

How are chemical equations balanced?

Adding coefficients

Which law do chemical equations follow

Conservation of Mass

What is the value of z? xCr + yO2 -> zCr2O3

Classify HF (aq) & NaHCO3 (aq) as acids or bases

HF = acid NaHCO3 = base

Bee stings and mosquito bites are acidic. The first aid procedure for relieving the pain is to treat the sting with a baking soda (NaHCOs) paste. Why would this treatment be effective? Be sure to include the general products that this kind of chemical reaction produces in your answer

General products: Salt, Water, & Carbon Dioxide

Difference between a Covalent Bond and an Ionic Bond

Covalent: Electrons shared between 2 non-metals Ionic: Electrons transferred from metal to non-metal ..

Base physical properties and strong/weak example

1. Bitter 2. Slippery 3. Conducts electricity 4. Reacts with natural products / proteins Strong: NaOH Weak: NaHCO3

How does the heart of a mammal (human) have an advantage over a fish and a frog? Compare them

Humans have 2 ventricles & fish/frog have 1 ventricle, this means we can pump more blood and at a faster pace.

Why can using a lot of face washes cause more acne?

Excessive use of acidic skincare products can disrupt the skin's natural pH, which is crucial for maintaining its barrier function. These acids can lower the skin's pH by the shedding of dead skin cells. This process can thin out the outermost layer of the skin, making it more prone to irritation and sensitivity. The disrupted pH balance compromises the skin's ability to retain moisture and protect against environmental stressors. As a result, frequent use of these acids can lead to increased redness, dryness, and discomfort.