Biology - Specialized Cells & Hierarchy - Animals

Question 1

Why are these called specialized cells?

Answer 1

An organism with only 1 cell that performs all required functions in that one cell

Question 2

Purpose of specialized cells

Answer 2

The body needs to supply food & nutrients, transport materials, remove wastes and fight infection

Question 3

What is cellular differentiation? (3 key points)

Answer 3

1. Process of creating specialized cells
2. All cells in the body originated from the zygote undergoing mitosis
3. As an embryo develops, cells change their shape, contents, & function

Question 4

3 causes of specialization?

Answer 4

1. Cytoplasm Differences
2. Environmental Conditions
3. Neighbouring Cells

Question 5

Why do Cytoplasm differences cause specialization? (2 key points)

Answer 5

1. Asymmetric distribution of organelles & other factors in zygote
2. Results in different DAUGHTER CELLS

Question 6

Why do Environmental Conditions cause specialization?

Answer 6

Variation in TEMPERATURE & NUTRIENTS

Question 7

Why do Neighbouring Cells cause specialization?

Answer 7

Substances produced by nearby cells can diffuse to nearby cells

Question 8

What do the 3 factors for specialization result in?

Answer 8

Expression of different genes within a cell

Question 9

Abnormal development: What can affect cellular development?
2 examples

Answer 9

Chemical contamination of the environment

example:
1. fertilizer leaks into the pond
2. bug spray of grass

Question 10

3 types of stem cells

Answer 10

1. Embryonic
2. Adult
3. Induced Pluripotent (iPSC)

Question 11

Function of stem cells

Answer 11

Cells that can differentiate into many different cell types

Question 12

Stem Cells: What type of cells have the same DNA but different genes?

Answer 12

Daughter cells, but different genes may be turned ON or OFF

Question 13

Function of Embryonic

Answer 13

Differentiates into ANY cell type

Question 14

Function of adult cells

Answer 14

Exists in some TISSUES but can only form SPECIFIC types of cells

Question 15

Adult stem cells: What do bone narrow stem cells form?

Answer 15

White blood cells, red blood cells, and platelets

Question 16

Adult stem cells: What do neural stem cells form?

Answer 16

Nerve cells

Question 17

Adult stem cells: What do Mesenchymal stem cells do?

Answer 17

Give rise to bone cells, cartilage cells, fat cells, and connective tissue cells

Question 18

Adult stem cells: What do Induced Pluripotent (iPSC) do?

(2 key points)

Answer 18

1. Stem cells created from adult cells, and can differentiate into any cell type
2. DO NOT require destruction of the embryo, but have drawbacks, such as low efficiency, mutations, and tumours

Question 19

What are tissues?

Answer 19

A collection of similar cells that perform specific functions

Question 20

What 4 types of tissues do animals have?

Answer 20

1. Epithelial (skin)
2. Muscular (skeletal)
3. Connective (bones / blood)
4. Nervous (Nerves)

Question 21

Function of epithelial tissue (2 key points)

Answer 21

1. Line the INTERNAL & EXTERNAL surfaces of body
2. Form a barrier by connecting ADJOINING cell membranes

Question 22

Function of muscular tissue

Answer 22

Move the body/organ by contracting and relaxing

Question 23

Function of connective tissue (2 key points)

Answer 23

1. Strengthens, supports, and protects other tissues
2. cells are in an extracellular matrix

Question 24

Function of nervous tissue (2 key points)

Answer 24

1. Made of neurones (nerve cells) with long projection that send & receive signals
2. Coordinates body actions

Question 25

Order of the hierarchy structure (5 stages)

Answer 25

specialized cells -> tissues -> organs -> organ systems -> organisms

Question 26

Why can’t specialized animal cells not survive on their own?

Answer 26

Because they live and work as part of a larger group of cells called tissues

Question 27

Advantage of specialized cell

Answer 27

optimize efficiency by performing specific tasks effectively, enhancing overall organismal function and adaptation.

Question 28

Disadvantage of specialized cell

Answer 28

dependency on specialized cells increases proneness to dysfunction if these cells are compromised, potentially impairing vital functions crucial for survival.