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Science > Chemistry 1131 > Flashcards

Chemistry 1131 Flashcards

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1
Q

study of carbon and compounds containing carbon

A

organic chemistry

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2
Q

ability of carbon atoms to bond with each other to form chains

A

catenation

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3
Q

alternate form of an element in the same phase that has a different chemical and physical properties

A

allotrope

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4
Q

carbon-containing residue with no definite crystalline shape

A

amorphous carbon

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5
Q

dark brown or black solid containing amorphous carbon mixed with some organic or inorganic compounds

A

coal

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6
Q

compound that contains carbon

A

organic compound

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7
Q

compounds that have the same molecular formula but different structures

A

isomers

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8
Q

formula that indicates the exact number of atoms in a molecule and also shows how the atoms are bonded to each other

A

structural formula

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9
Q

organic compound formed from only carbon and hydrogen

A

hydrocarbon

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10
Q

atom or group of atoms, including elements other than hydrogen or carbon, which bond to a hydrocarbon and are responsible for the specific properties of the resulting organic compound

A

functional group

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11
Q

hydrocarbon derivative in which one or more hydrogen atoms are replaced with one or more functional groups, and which are classified according to the functional group they contain

A

modified hydrocarbon

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12
Q

In its elemental state, ____ may exist as soot, ___, or a fullerene

A

carbon; diamond

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13
Q

A carbon atom may form as many as four ____ with other atoms

A

covalent bonds

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14
Q

Carbon can form ___, double, or ___ covalent bonds

A

single; triple

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15
Q

An area of contamination in an otherwise clear diamond is called ____

A

flaw

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16
Q

Carbon atoms in graphite are arranged in ____ rings that lock together to form layers or sheets

A

hexagonal

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17
Q

Weak ____ forces allow graphite layers to slide past each other, giving graphite a soft, slippery feel

A

intermolecular

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18
Q

Fullerenes are extremely strong and resilient molecules, which, when subjected to moderate pressure, become stronger than _____

A

diamonds

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19
Q

The shape of a carbon atom and its ability to form covalent bonds allow carbon atoms to link together to form open chains, open chains with ____, linked open chains, ____, plates, and networks

A

branches; rings

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20
Q

Most substances containing amorphous carbon are formed from carbon-containing substances being decomposed by ____

A

heat and pressure

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21
Q

Coal was formed from decaying plant matter called ____

A

peat

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22
Q

Intense heat and pressure changed ___ into lignite. Additional heat and pressure changed lignite into ____. More heat and pressure ____ into ____

A

peat; bituminous coal; bituminous coal; anthracite coal

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23
Q

The process called ___ drives off moisture , volatile materials, and most impurities from coal

A

destructive distillation

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24
Q

Tubes of fullerenes called “___” have been developed

A

buckytubes

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25
Q

All ____ compounds contain carbon, but not all compounds contain ____ are ____

A

organic; carbon; organic

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26
Q

Heat moves easily through a diamond by the transfer of energy by ____ from one carbon atom to another, because the atoms have a small ____ and the force bonding them together is so strong

A

vibration; mass

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27
Q

Many organic substances are ____, but most are synthetically produced

A

naturally ocurring

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28
Q

Compounds containing the carbonate ____ and oxides of _____ are considered inorganic

A

anion; carbon

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29
Q

Carbon atoms in a particular ____ formula can be arranged in different combinations to form new organic compounds

A

molecular

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30
Q

As the number of carbon atoms in a molecular formula increases, the number of possible ____ increases

A

isomers

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31
Q

In terms of chemical reactions, there is little difference between ____ compounds and inorganic compounds

A

organic

32
Q

Organic compounds will usually dissolve in ____ liquids

A

organic

33
Q

______ is the result of a heated organic substance _____ and leaving a residue

A

Charring; decomposing

34
Q

straight-chain or branched-chain hydrocarbon whose carbon atoms are connected by single covalent bonds

A

alkane

35
Q

straight-chain or branched-chain hydrocarbon in which two carbon atoms in each molecule are connected by a double bond

A

alkene

36
Q

hydrocarbon with six-membered carbon rings that exhibit resonance

A

aromatic hydrocarbon

37
Q

hydrocarbon in which each carbon atom forms four single covalent bonds with other atoms in the molecule

A

saturated hydrocarbon

38
Q

series of compounds in which adjacent members differ by the same group of atoms

A

homologous series

39
Q

reaction process in which the double bond of an alkene converts to a single bond so that carbon atoms can accommodate halogen atoms

A

halogenation

40
Q

large molecule constructed of repeating structural units linked together

A

polymer

41
Q

unsaturated hydrocarbon with one triple covalent bond between two carbon atoms

A

alkyne

42
Q

molecule formed from the combination of two identical, simple molecules

A

dimer

43
Q

treatment of rubber by heating it with sulfur

A

vulcanization

44
Q

Hydrocarbons are divided into four ____, each with different ____, and each family is determined by the type of bond between ____ in its molecules

A

families; characteristics; carbon atoms

45
Q

____ have a low chemical activity among the hydrocarbons because they are saturated with relatively strong ____ bonds

A

Alkanes; single

46
Q

Chain molecules usually bend, ____, and double back on themselves

A

twist

47
Q

Since alkenes have a ___ bond, an alkene with only one ____ atom is impossible

A

double; carbon

48
Q

Alkenes with halogens attached are usually an ___ liquid, so alkenes are also knwon as the ____ series

A

oily; olefin

49
Q

A bond in a ____ bond is easier to break than one in a double bond

A

triple

50
Q

The aromatic hydrocarbons are derived from the simplest aromatic hydrocarbon, _____, whose carbon atoms are arranged in a hexagonal, ringlike structure called a _____

A

benzene; benzene ring

51
Q

Alkanes undergo ____, ____, and ____ reactions

A

combustion; substitution; dehydrogenation

52
Q

A substitution reaction occurs when a ____ atom is substituted for a ____ atom

A

halogen; hydrogen

53
Q

The name of a ____ is the same as that of its related open-chain molecule except the prefix cyclo- is added

A

cycloalkane

54
Q

An ____ reaction occurs when a double bond is broken and the electrons used in the double bond are used to form single bonds with other atoms or ions

A

addition

55
Q

Benzene tends to undergo ____ reactions rather than the ____ reactions expected of unsaturated hydrocarbons because of its ____ bond structure substitution; addition; hybrid

A

substitution; addition; hybrid

56
Q

The two main sources of hydrocarbons are ___ and ____

A

natural gas; petroleum

57
Q

Alkenes are prepared commercially by thermal cracking using ____, or by catalytic cracking using ____ and a ____

A

heat; heat; catalyst

58
Q

Excess ____ left from the production of alkynes by cracking hydrocarbons is used when carbon monoxide to produce methanol

A

hydrogen

59
Q

An alkyne burning in air produces ____, carbon dioxide, and water vapor, but an alkyne burning in an oxygen-rich environment does not produce ____

A

carbon; carbon

60
Q

A resonance hybrid bond is intermediate between a ____ bond and a ____ bond

A

single; double

61
Q

Most gasoline is produced by ____ cracking, during which heavier hydrocarbon molecules are broken down into smaller alkane and alkene molecules, or by ____ cracking which produces alkenes, branched molecules, and aromatic compounds

A

thermal; catalytic

62
Q

Petroleum can be extracted from oil shale, which consists of an oillike substance called ___ contained in porous rock

A

kerogen

63
Q

carbon atom bonded to an oxygen atom with a double covalent bond and to a hydrogen with a single bond

A

formyl group

64
Q

modified hydrocarbon that contains a formyl functional group

A

aldehyde

65
Q

carbon atom bonded to an oxygen atom with a double bond

A

carbonyl group

66
Q

modified hydrocarbon that contains a carbonyl functional group

A

ketone

67
Q

organic acid that contains a carboxyl functional group

A

carboxylic acid

68
Q

carbon atom double bonded to an oxygen atom and single bonded to another oxygen atom

A

ester functional group

69
Q

derivative of ammonia in which one or more of the hydrogen atoms are replaced with an alkyl

A

amine

70
Q

A hydrocarbon in which one or more hydrogen atoms have each been replaced by a ___ is called an alcohol

A

hydroxyl group

71
Q

Alcohol molecules join together by forming ___ bonds between the hydrogen atom in a hydroxyl group of one molecule and the ____ in a hydroxyl group of another molecule

A

hydrogen; oxygen atom

72
Q

`Removing a hydrogen from a benzene molecule creates a ____ group

A

phenyl

73
Q

Polyhalogenated derivatives of methane and ethane are known as ___ halohydrocarbons

A

Freon

74
Q

An aromatic aldehyde consists of a ____ group, a ____ functional group, and sometimes, one or more other substitution groups

A

phenyl; formyl

75
Q

The name of the ketone with a methyl to the left and a propyl to the right of a carbonyl group is ____

A

methyl propyl ketone

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