Chemical Levels of Organization: Chapter 2, Sections 1-4

Question 1

What happens when a substance is absorbed?

Answer 1

Digestive and respiratory systems are triggered
Chemical reactions like metabolism transfer and use energy
Essential actives begin maintenance/repair, growth, division, special functions (mucus escalator)

Question 2

What is an element?

Answer 2

Pure substance consisting of only atoms with the same atomic number

Question 3

What elements make up the human body? Where are they typically stored?

Answer 3

Calcium, phosphorus, potassium, sodium, chlorine, magnesium, sulfur, iron, iodine
Bones

Question 4

What is an isotope? Does it affect the atomic number or mass?

Answer 4

Elements that have the same number of protons
Atomic mass

Question 5

What is radioactive iodine used for?

Answer 5

Hyperthyroidism; the only place where iodine is stored, overactive thyroid

Question 6

What happens if our blood is too acid? How do we normally remove acidity?

Answer 6

Sweet smelling breath, fatigue, confusion, shortness of breath
Urine output

Question 7

What happens if our blood is too basic?

Answer 7

Uncontrollable muscle and skeletal contractions

Question 8

Does water have a fast or slow evaporation rate? Why do we need water molecules? Give an example.

Answer 8

Slow evaporation
Provides surface tension (lung inflation, eye protection from particles)

Question 9

What are the properties of water?

Answer 9

Solubility
Reactivity
High heat capacity
Lubrication

Question 9

What are the properties of water?

Answer 9

Solubility
Reactivity
High heat capacity
Lubrication

Question 10

What solutes dissolve in water?

Answer 10

Na and K

Question 11

What is an electrolyte? Name a few.

Answer 11

Ions that can conduct an electrical current
Na, K, and Cl ions

Question 12

Why are electrical currents important across the membrane?

Answer 12

Nerve (firing) and muscle (contraction) funciton

Question 13

What is hydrolysis?

Answer 13

The breaking down of water

Question 14

What is dehydration in reactions?

Answer 14

The removal of water

Question 15

Does water have a high heat capacity? If so why is it important?

Answer 15

Yes!
Enough kinetic energy is needed to break H bonds to vaporize (sweating), which lowers body temperature and removes energy. As large beings, our temperature changes must be slow to remain within homeostasis.

Question 16

Why is lubrication important as a property of water?

Answer 16

Reduces friction between joints and body cavities

Question 17

How are reactions activated? Are all enzymes proteins?

Answer 17

pH changes, temperature changes, enzymes
Yes

Question 18

What are catalysts? Why are enzymes important?

Answer 18

Enzymes are catalysts, that lower activation by physically pushing togther substrates to form a product (speeding up chemical reactions without changes)

Question 19

What are the two compounds created by nutrients and metabolites?

Answer 19

Organic and inorganic compounds

Question 20

How are organic compounds collected? What elements do they contain?

Answer 20

Ingestion of food
Sugars, fats, proteins, nucleic acids
H and C

Question 21

How are inorganic compounds collected? What elements do they contain?

Answer 21

Within the body
CO2, O2, water, acids, bases, and salts

Question 22

What is the difference between exergonic and endergonic?

Answer 22

Exergonic: releases energy
Endergonic: takes in energy

Question 23

How are carbohydrates stored?

Answer 23

Glucose –> glycogen

Question 24

How are proteins stored?

Answer 24

Amino acids –> ATP

Question 25

How are fats stored?

Answer 25

Fatty acids –> hormones, ATP

Question 26

What is the energy from ATP used for?

Answer 26

Transport (neurons firing)
Compound synthesis (proteins)
Mechanical work (ciliary motion, muscle contraction)

Question 27

What is the central dogma?

Answer 27

DNA is transcribed to RNA which is translated to proteins

Question 28

What is denaturation?

Answer 28

Loss of 3D shape
Quaternary structure –> Tertiary structure –> Secondary structure –> Alpha helix

Question 29

What comprises lipids?

Answer 29

C: 6
H: 12
O: 1

Question 30

What are the three types of lipids?

Answer 30

Eicosanoids, steroids (hormones), phospholipids/glycolipids

Question 31

What are two eicosanoid lipids? How is it obtained?

Answer 31

Obtained from food
Leukotrienes: produces inflammatory response for injury/disease
Prostaglandins: stimulates pain in response to tissue damage

Question 32

What are steroid lipids involved in?

Answer 32

Regulation of sexual function: estrogen/testosterone
Cholesterol: membrane flexibility

Question 33

What is the difference between Saturated and Unsaturated fats?

Answer 33

Saturated: Single covalent bonds
Unsaturated: H double bonds

Question 34

What is the difference between HDL and LDL?

Answer 34

HDL: Smaller in size, smaller arterial deposits
LDL: Larger in size, higher arterial deposits

Question 35

Why are carbohydrates an important energy source?

Answer 35

Can be stored in various forms

Question 36

What do enzymes break?

Answer 36

Bonds

Question 37

What is a monosaccharide? What system breaks it down?

Answer 37

Energy source that is broken down through the digestive system

Question 38

What does the liver convert into Glucose?

Answer 38

Polysaccharide: glucose storage