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A&P: Lecture > Cells: Chapter 3, Sections 1-2 > Flashcards

Cells: Chapter 3, Sections 1-2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is cell theory?

A

Organismal functions that depend on individual and collective cell functions

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2
Q

What happens if a cell doesn’t have a mitochondria? Why does this happen?

A

No ATP is made
Biochemical activities of a cell are dictated by their specific subcellular structures

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3
Q

What are the 3 parts of a human cell?

A

Plasma membrane
Cytoplasm
Nucleus

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4
Q

What is protoplasm? List the components.

A

All of the cell’s liquids
water, ions, proteins, lipids, carbohydrates

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5
Q

What structures of a cell have phospholipids?

A

Plasma, nuclear, ER, mitochondrial, lysosomal and goli membranes

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6
Q

What would lead to extracellular fluid change?

A

Binding the membrane to receptors
Diffusion through membrane channels

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7
Q

What is a short term adjustment for extracellular fluid?

A

Binding membranes to receptors
Enzymes are activated or inactivated

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8
Q

What is a long term adjustment for extracellular fluid?

A

Changes in biochemical processes of the cell
Changes in the physical structure of the cell

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9
Q

What would a cell change?

A

Maintain homeostasis

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10
Q

What are the components of cytoskeleton?

A

Microfilaments
Intermediate filaments
Microtubules

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11
Q

What are microfilaments? What contracts?

A

Actin monomer
Myosin: muscle contraction

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12
Q

What are intermediate filaments? Is it durable?

A

Fibrous subunit
Strongest and most durable filament

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13
Q

What are microtubules? What do they help with?

A

Largest and extend outward into the periphery of the cell from the centrosome
Cell division

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14
Q

What is the function of microfilaments?

A

Provide cell strength, shape and bind cytoskeleton to plasma membrane
Bind cells together

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15
Q

What is the function of microvilli?

A

Increase surface area of the cell (small intestine)
Enhances cell’s abilities to absorb materials from extracellular fluid

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16
Q

What is the function of centrosomes?

A

Associated with DNA strand movement

17
Q

Why can’t red blood cells do without centrioles?

A

Can’t duplicate and divide
The stem cells in bone divide until they become rbc

18
Q

What are the two types of locomotion?

A

Ameboid
Ciliary

19
Q

What is ameboid locomotion?

A

Chemoattractant and chemorepellent
Whole-cell movement

20
Q

What is ciliary locomotion?

A

Whipping of cilia
only in airways and fallopian tubes
moves fluid

21
Q

What is cell reproduction controlled by?

A

Growth factors - chemical release from other cells
Contact
Negative feedback from cell secretions

22
Q

What is gene expression?

A

Cytoplasmic difference affect the DNA od new cells, turning specific genes on and off

23
Q

What is apoptosis? What is proteolytic cascade?

A

Controlled cell death
Cells shrink and condense
Cleaving of proteins

24
Q

What are the two types of regulation?

A

Genetic
Enzymantic

25
Q

What is genetic regulation? What’s an example?

A

Promoters and enhancers bound by transcription factors
DNA sequenced in histones or blocked by methylation
Cell differentiation: hiding genes needed for sperm cells

26
Q

What is enzyme regulation? What is it important for?

A

Formation of purines and pyrimidines
Inhibition: negative feedback, the enzyme binds to induce change, targets 1 enzyme in a pathway
Activation

27
Q

What is vesicular transport? Does it require cellular energy?

A

Transport of large particles (macromolecules) across the plasma membrane
Yes

28
Q

What are the functions of vesicular transport?

A

Exocytosis
Endocytosis
Transcytosis
Substance trafficking

29
Q

What are the two types of endocytosis? Give examples.

A

Cell eating: immune cells
Cell drinking: at random, searching for something and vesicle is created

30
Q

Does plasma membrane expression dictate function?

A

Yes; separates the inside of the cell from the extracellular environment
Selectively permeable

31
Q

What are the biproducts of the mitochondria?

A

Water
CO2
ATP

32
Q

What is ATP used for?

A

Transport
Compound synthesis
Mechanical work

33
Q

What are the 3 theories of cell aging?

A

wear and tear
immune system disorder
genetic theory

34
Q

How do you tell apart cancer cells from normal cells?

A

Cancer cells are uncontrolled reproductive rate
Different appearance than normal cells

35
Q

What is the difference between a lysosome and a peroxisome?

A

Lysosome: Digest bacteria/dead organ cells, apoptosis
Peroxisome: Liquid, chemical detoxification

36
Q

What is the secretory pathway?

A

Hormones
Protein transport

A&P: Lecture (7 decks)

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