Cells: Chapter 3, Sections 1-2

Question 1

What is cell theory?

Answer 1

Organismal functions that depend on individual and collective cell functions

Question 2

What happens if a cell doesn’t have a mitochondria? Why does this happen?

Answer 2

No ATP is made
Biochemical activities of a cell are dictated by their specific subcellular structures

Question 3

What are the 3 parts of a human cell?

Answer 3

Plasma membrane
Cytoplasm
Nucleus

Question 4

What is protoplasm? List the components.

Answer 4

All of the cell’s liquids
water, ions, proteins, lipids, carbohydrates

Question 5

What structures of a cell have phospholipids?

Answer 5

Plasma, nuclear, ER, mitochondrial, lysosomal and goli membranes

Question 6

What would lead to extracellular fluid change?

Answer 6

Binding the membrane to receptors
Diffusion through membrane channels

Question 7

What is a short term adjustment for extracellular fluid?

Answer 7

Binding membranes to receptors
Enzymes are activated or inactivated

Question 8

What is a long term adjustment for extracellular fluid?

Answer 8

Changes in biochemical processes of the cell
Changes in the physical structure of the cell

Question 9

What would a cell change?

Answer 9

Maintain homeostasis

Question 10

What are the components of cytoskeleton?

Answer 10

Microfilaments
Intermediate filaments
Microtubules

Question 11

What are microfilaments? What contracts?

Answer 11

Actin monomer
Myosin: muscle contraction

Question 12

What are intermediate filaments? Is it durable?

Answer 12

Fibrous subunit
Strongest and most durable filament

Question 13

What are microtubules? What do they help with?

Answer 13

Largest and extend outward into the periphery of the cell from the centrosome
Cell division

Question 14

What is the function of microfilaments?

Answer 14

Provide cell strength, shape and bind cytoskeleton to plasma membrane
Bind cells together

Question 15

What is the function of microvilli?

Answer 15

Increase surface area of the cell (small intestine)
Enhances cell’s abilities to absorb materials from extracellular fluid

Question 16

What is the function of centrosomes?

Answer 16

Associated with DNA strand movement

Question 17

Why can’t red blood cells do without centrioles?

Answer 17

Can’t duplicate and divide
The stem cells in bone divide until they become rbc

Question 18

What are the two types of locomotion?

Answer 18

Ameboid
Ciliary

Question 19

What is ameboid locomotion?

Answer 19

Chemoattractant and chemorepellent
Whole-cell movement

Question 20

What is ciliary locomotion?

Answer 20

Whipping of cilia
only in airways and fallopian tubes
moves fluid

Question 21

What is cell reproduction controlled by?

Answer 21

Growth factors - chemical release from other cells
Contact
Negative feedback from cell secretions

Question 22

What is gene expression?

Answer 22

Cytoplasmic difference affect the DNA od new cells, turning specific genes on and off

Question 23

What is apoptosis? What is proteolytic cascade?

Answer 23

Controlled cell death
Cells shrink and condense
Cleaving of proteins

Question 24

What are the two types of regulation?

Answer 24

Genetic
Enzymantic

Question 25

What is genetic regulation? What's an example?

Answer 25

Promoters and enhancers bound by transcription factors DNA sequenced in histones or blocked by methylation Cell differentiation: hiding genes needed for sperm cells

Question 26

What is enzyme regulation? What is it important for?

Answer 26

Formation of purines and pyrimidines Inhibition: negative feedback, the enzyme binds to induce change, targets 1 enzyme in a pathway Activation

Question 27

What is vesicular transport? Does it require cellular energy?

Answer 27

Transport of large particles (macromolecules) across the plasma membrane Yes

Question 28

What are the functions of vesicular transport?

Answer 28

Exocytosis Endocytosis Transcytosis Substance trafficking

Question 29

What are the two types of endocytosis? Give examples.

Answer 29

Cell eating: immune cells Cell drinking: at random, searching for something and vesicle is created

Question 30

Does plasma membrane expression dictate function?

Answer 30

Yes; separates the inside of the cell from the extracellular environment Selectively permeable

Question 31

What are the biproducts of the mitochondria?

Answer 31

Water CO2 ATP

Question 32

What is ATP used for?

Answer 32

Transport Compound synthesis Mechanical work

Question 33

What are the 3 theories of cell aging?

Answer 33

wear and tear immune system disorder genetic theory

Question 34

How do you tell apart cancer cells from normal cells?

Answer 34

Cancer cells are uncontrolled reproductive rate Different appearance than normal cells

Question 35

What is the difference between a lysosome and a peroxisome?

Answer 35

Lysosome: Digest bacteria/dead organ cells, apoptosis Peroxisome: Liquid, chemical detoxification

Question 36

What is the secretory pathway?

Answer 36

Hormones Protein transport