Chemical Examination of Urine Flashcards
Principle of pH reagent test pad
Double-indicator system (methyl red & bromothymol blue)
Proteinuria is often associated with?
Renal disease
Tamm-Horsfall protein (uromodulin) is produced by the:
Renal tubular cells (RTE)
Clinical proteinuria is indicated at ___ mg/dL or greater.
30
Proliferative disorder of the Ig-producing plasma cells;; serum containing markedly elevated levels of monoclonal Ig light chains (Bence Jones protein)
Multiple myeloma
Prerenal, renal or postrenal: amyloidosis, diabetic nephropathy, strenuous exercise, preeclampsia
Renal
Prerenal, renal or postrenal: bacterial and fungal infections, injury or trauma
Postrenal
Principle of the protein reagent test pad
Protein error of indicators
Cold precipitation test that reacts equally with all forms of protein
Sulfosalicylic Acid (SSA) Precipitation Test (Exton’s)
In SSA Test, what are the grade and protein range when the results are reported as: turbidity, granulation, flocculation?
3+
200-400
What dye is used in albumin reagent strips?
DIDNTB
Principle of the creatinine reagent test pad
Pseudoperoxidase activity of copper-creatinine complexes
Most frequently performed chemical analysis on urine
Glucose
Onset of hyperglycemia and glycosuria during pregnancy is normally around the ___ month.
6th
Glycosuria occurs in the absence of hyperglycemia when the reabsorption of glucose by the renal tubules is compromised.
Renal glycosuria
Principle of the glucose reagent test pad
Glucose oxidase
Test which relies on the ability of glucose to reduce copper sulfate to cuprous oxide in the presence of alkali and heat
Copper Reduction Test (Clinitest)
Aside from glucose, what is the other clinically significant sugar that Clinitest detects?
Galactose
Principle used in the ketones reagent test pad
Sodium nitroprusside
Enhances the detection of acetone
Glycine
Hematuria produces a ____ red urine and hemoglobinuria produces a ____ red urine.
Cloudy; clear
Hematuria or hemoglobin: most closely related to disorders of renal or genitourinary origin
Hematuria
What may appear in the RTEs and urine sediment when there is reabsorption of filtered hemoglobin?
Hemosiderin (denatured ferritin)
Principle used in blood reagent test pad
Pseudoperoxidase activity of hemoglobin to catalyse a reaction between the heme component of hemoglobin and myoglobin
What test is helpful in differentiating hemoglobinuria from myoglobinuria?
Blondheim’s test
In blondheim’s test, what is added to 5 mL of centrifuged urine?
2.5 g ammonium sulfate
What is the result of blondheim’s test if hemoglobin is present instead of myoglobin?
Red precipitate
In the liver, bilirubin is conjugated with ____ by the action of glucuronyl transferase to form water-soluble ____.
Glucuronic acid; bilirubin diglucoronide
In the intestine, intestinal bacteria reduce bilirubin to ____.
Urobilinogen
Principle used in the bilirubin reagent test pad
Diazo reaction
Confirmatory test for bilirubin
Ictotest
In urobilinogen detection, results are reported in ____ units.
Ehrlich (EU)
Nitrite screening is useful in the detection of ____ which could cause severe complications such as pyelonephritis.
Bacteriuria
Principle used in the nitrite reagent test pad
Greiss reaction (nitrite at an acidic pH reacts with an aromatic amine to form a diazonium compound)
TRUE or FALSE: LE test detects lymphocytes as well.
False
Principle of LE reagent test pad
Action of LE to catalyze the hydrolysis of an acid ester embedded on the reagent to produce an aromatic compound and acid
Principle of SG reagent test pad
Change in pKa of a polyelectrolyte in an alkaline medium
