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School In General > [CHEM] Unit 16 - Nuclear Chemistry > Flashcards

[CHEM] Unit 16 - Nuclear Chemistry Flashcards

1
Q

For (natural) radioactive decay to occur, nuclei need to be: stable/unstable

A

Unstable

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2
Q

T/F: Nuclei with long half-lives undergo decay quickly and are the least stable

A

F: Nuclei with short half-lives undergo decay quickly and are the least stable

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3
Q

If an element has an atomic number equal to or more than 83, what does that mean?

A

It is ustable

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4
Q

What type of emissions are negative?

A

Beta

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5
Q

What type of emissions are positive?

A

Alpha, positrons, protons

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6
Q

What type of emissions are neutral?

A

Neutrons, gamma

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7
Q

What are the symbols for alpha particles?

A

Greek letter A

or

He

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8
Q

How are alpha particles ranked in terms of penetrating power?

A

They have the lowest power

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9
Q

How are alpha particles ranked in terms of ionizing potential?

A

They have the greatest potential

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10
Q

What mass and charge do alpha particles have?

A

Mass: 4

Charge: +2

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11
Q

What is an alpha particle?

A

A helium nuclei

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12
Q

What are the symbols for beta particles?

A

Greek letter B

or

e

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13
Q

What are beta particles?

A

High-speed electrons

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14
Q

How are beta particles ranked in terms of penetrating power?

A

They are in the middle

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15
Q

How are beta particles ranked in terms of ionizing potential?

A

They are in the middle

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16
Q

What mass and charge do beta particles have?

A

Mass: 0

Charge: -1

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17
Q

T/F: Gamma is a particle

A

F: Gamma is a ray

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18
Q

What is the symbol for gamma rays?

A

Y

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19
Q

What mass and charge do gamma rays have?

A

Mass: 0

Charge: 0

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20
Q

What are gamma rays?

A

Essentially high-energy xrays

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21
Q

How are gamma rays ranked in terms of penetrating power?

A

They have the greatest power

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22
Q

How are gamma rays ranked in terms of ionizing potential?

A

They have the lowest potential

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23
Q

What is the symbol for neutron particles?

A

lowercase n

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24
Q

What mass and charge do neutrons have?

A

Mass: 1

Charge: 0

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25
Q

What are the symbols for positrons?

A

Greek letter B

or

e+

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26
Q

What are positrons?

A

Positive electrons (antimatter)

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27
Q

What mass and charge do positrons have?

A

Mass: 0

Charge: +1

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28
Q

What are protons?

A

Hydrogen nucleuses

29
Q

What is the symbol for protons?

A

P

30
Q

What mass and charge do protons have?

A

Mass: 1

Charge: +1

31
Q

T/F: In a decay reaction, the mass and atomic numbers on both sides must add up

A

T

32
Q

Natural transmutations have 1/2 reactants

A

1

33
Q

Artificial transmutations have 1/2 reactants

A

ALWAYS 2

34
Q

T/F: Artificial transmutation reactions can have 1 product

A

T

35
Q

How does one cause an artificial transmutation?

A

Bombard a nucleus with a small particle, causing it to change and produce an isotope

36
Q

T/F: The small particles used in artificial transmutations can have small amounts of energy

A

F: They must have high amounts of energy to not bounce off the positive nucleus

37
Q

What is an example of a tracer and what are they used for?

A

Ex: barium

Uses: GI tract, agriculture, factories

38
Q

What is used for dating organic material and how is it used?

A

C-14

The amounts of C-14 are compared to the amounts of C-12

39
Q

What is used for dating inorganic material and how is it used?

A

Uranium-238

Amount of U-238 vs Pb-206

40
Q

What can Tc-99 be used for?

A

Diagnosing cancer

41
Q

What can Co-60 be used for?

A

Treating cancer

42
Q

T/F: I-131 can be used to treat and diagnose liver cancers

A

F: it is used to treat and diagnose thyroid cancers

43
Q

What is food irradiation used for?

A

Killing bacteria, yeast, mold, etc on food

44
Q

T/F: There are factors that can affect half life

A

F: half-life can never be changed

45
Q

In a fusion/fission reaction, what is the change in mass known as?

A

Mass defect

46
Q

What is fusion?

A

Two or more small nuclei (usually H) combine to form a larger one (usually He)

47
Q

Fusion releases a lot/a little energy

A

A lot

48
Q

Where can fusion reactions be found?

A

On the Sun

49
Q

What is the one condition for using fusion in bombs?

A

Fission has to start it

50
Q

What are the benefits of fusion?

A
  • Makes the most energy
  • No radioactive waste
51
Q

What are the negatives of fusion?

A

Needs extremely high temperature and pressure

52
Q

What is fission?

A

A large nucleus splits into medium-sized nuclei

53
Q

What does a fission reaction look like?

A

Neutrons + U –> Kr/Ba + neutrons + energy

54
Q

T/F: Fission makes more energy than fusion

A

F

55
Q

T/F: Fission is a chain reaction

A

T

56
Q

What is fission used for?

A
  • Bombs (uncontrolled)
  • Power plants (controlled)
57
Q

What are the benefits of fission?

A
  • No consumption of fossil fuels
  • Less pollution
  • More energy vs chemical reactions
58
Q

What are the negatives of fission?

A

It produces long-lasting radioactive waste

59
Q

What does a control rod do and what are some examples?

A

Used to absorb/remove neutrons to slow down fission

Ex: boron, cadmium

60
Q

What does a moderator do and what are some examples?

A

Slows down neutrons so that they can be captured

Ex: water, heavy water, graphite, beryllium

61
Q

What is heavy water?

A

Basically water but with different H isotopes like deuterium

62
Q

What is shielding (in a nuclear power plant)?

A

It is a steel and concrete layer (separate layers) that prevents leaks

63
Q

What does a coolant do and what are some examples?

A

Controls temperature

Ex: Water, heavy water, molten sodium/lithium

64
Q

What does a fusion reaction look like?

A

H + H –> He + energy

65
Q

How do you determine what is left of an isotope if given the half-life and amount of time passed?

A

1) Divide the time passed by the half-life

2) Divide 1 by however many half-lives passed

3) Multiply that by the given mass

66
Q

How do you determine how long it takes for an isotope to decay if given the half-life, starting mass and end mass?

A

1) Divide the starting mass by 1/2 until you reach the end mass

2) How many arrows = amount of half-lives passed

3) Multiply amount of half-lives by half-live #

67
Q

How do you determine a half-live if given the amount of time, starting mass and end mass?

A

1) Divide the starting mass by 1/2 until you get end mass

2) How many arrows = how many half-lives

3) Divide amount of time given by # of arrows

68
Q

How do you get the starting amount if given the half-life, amount of time, and end mass?

A

1) Determine # of half-lives passed by dividing the time passed by the length of half-life

2) Number of half-lives passed = amount of times you need to double the end mass

School In General (18 decks)

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