[CHEM] Unit 15 - Organic Chemistry Flashcards
T/F: Carbids, diamonds, carbonates, cyanide, and carbon oxides are organic
F
Single bond chains are unsaturated/saturated
Saturated
Double and triple bond chains are unsaturated/saturated
Unsaturated
Aliphatics are:
Open chained hydrocarbons
What type of molecules have a hexagonal shape?
Aromatic molecules
Chains with 2 separate double bonds are called:
Alkadienes
A series of compounds that fit the same general formula and have similar properties is called:
A homologous series
Meth- is
1
Eth- is
2
Prop- is
3
But- is
4
Pent- is
5
Hex- is
6
Hept- is
7
Oct- is
8
Non- is
9
Dec- is
10
Alkanes have ___ bonds
Single
The general formula for alkanes is
CnH(2n+2)
Alkenes have ___ bonds
Double
The general formula for alkenes is
CnH(2n)
Alkynes have ___ bonds
Triple
The general formula for alkynes is
CnH(2n-2)
Both the alkene and alkyne series start with which prefix?
Eth-
(it is impossible to have a single carbon to be double or tripled bonded to anything)
Isomers are
Chemical substances with the same molecular formulas but different structures (their properties are different)
If there are multiple side chains that are the same length, what should one do?
Use prefixes
2-di
3-tri
4-tetra
T/F: The hydroxyl group in an alcohol (OH-) is an ion
F
How does one determine if an alcohol is primary, secondary, or tertiary?
1) Locate the carbon that the OH is attached to
2) Count the number of neighboring carbons
How does one name an alcohol with more than 1 OH?
Use dihydroxy or trihydroxy
(naming): Alcohol names end in
-ol
Ex: propanol
What is the functional group of an ether?
An O that connects to another side chain
T/F: In an ether, the chains on either side of the O are side chains, and therefore end in -yl
T
Aldehydes are produced from
The oxidation of primary alcohols
T/F: The functional group of an aldehyde does not need to be on the end
F
What is the functional group of an aldehyde?
A double-bonded O and single-bonded H
What is the functional group of a ketone?
A double-bonded O
Ketones are produced from
The oxidation of secondary alcohols
T/F: Organic acids are electrolytes
T
What is the functional group of an organic acid?
A double-bonded O and an OH
T/F: The functional group of an organic acid does not need to be on carbon #1
F
How are esters produced?
Organic acid + primary alcohol
(naming): Aldehyde names end in
-al
Ex: propanal
(naming): Ketone names end in
-one
Ex: 2-pentanone
(naming): Organic acid names end in
-oic acid
Ex: propanoic acid
(naming): Ester names end in
-oate
Ex: methyl propanoate
What is the functional group of an ester?
A double-bonded O
and
An O attached to the same carbon that leads to a side chain
Where does one put the -oate in esters?
On the chain with the double-bonded O
(naming): Amine groups end in
-amine
Ex: 1-propanamine
What is the functional group of an amine?
An NH2
T/F: The functional group of an amine does not need to be on the end
T
(naming) Amide names end in
-amide
Ex: propanamide
What is the functional group of an amide?
An NH2 and a double-bonded O
T/F: The functional group of an amide has to be on the end (carbon #1)
T
Combustion reactions are: exothermic/endothermic
Exothermic
The general formula of a combustion reaction is:
Hydrocarbon + O2 –> CO2 + H2O + heat
The general formula for a substitution reaction is:
Alkane + halogen (DIATOMIC!!!) –> halocarbon + acid
How does an addition reaction work?
By adding one atom to each end of the double or triple bond
What is the general formula for an addition reaction?
Alkyne/alkene + halogen/H2 –> 1 product
The following reaction is what type?
Ester + base –> soap + alcohol
Saponification
In a saponification reaction, an ester is also a what?
Fat
What is the general formula for a fermentation reaction?
Sugar –> 2 alcohols + 2CO2 (g)
T/F: The CO2 produced in a fermentation reaction IS NOT a gas
F
What is a monomer?
A small chain that, when bonded together into long chains, form polymers
What are some examples of polymers?
Plastics and fabrics
What are some examples of natural polymers?
Proteins, starches, and cellulose
What is addition polymerization used for?
Making plastics
How is polyethylene made and what is it made from?
Addition polymerization; ethylene
When unsaturated monomers join to make a longer chain, what is the process known as?
Addition polymerization
How does condensation polymerization work?
Monomers combine by removing water from hydroxyl groups
What does a condensation polymerization reaction always produce?
A polymer and water
What is the general formula for esterification?
An organic acid + alcohol –> an ester and water
When one dehydrates a primary alcohol, what does it make and what process is it known as?
Ether; etherification
How does cracking work?
Uses heat or a catalyst to cut apart a large molecule from petroleum (fractional distillation)
What is the general formula for aromatic molecules/benzenes?
CnH(2n-6)
