[CHEM] Unit 10- Solutions Flashcards

1
Q

The solvent is:

A

Doing the dissolving, and usually in a greater amount (ex: water)

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2
Q

The solute is:

A

The one being dissolved, and usually in a smaller amount (ex: salt, or flavored powder)

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3
Q

Solid solutions are ___, and examples of those include steel and ___

A

Alloys, brass

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4
Q

(___) is the symbol for if something has water as its solvent

A

Aq

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5
Q

Electrolytes are:

A

Acids, bases, and soluble ionic compounds

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6
Q

Electrolytes ___ ___ into separate ions. This process is called ___.

A

Break up, dissociating

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7
Q

___ compounds will not break into separate ions. They will only ___

A

Covalent (M+NM), break into separate molecules

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8
Q

Solutions ___ be separated by filtering

A

Cannot; this is because they are, well, dissolved

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9
Q

Solutions are always ___ mixtures

A

Homogeneous

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10
Q

The 1st factor that affects solubility is ___

-Nonpolar solvents only dissolve ___ solvents
-Polar solvents only dissolve ___ and ___ solutes
-“___dissolves like.”

A

Nature of solute and solvent (basically polarity)

-Nonpolar
-Polar and ionic (NM+NM)
-Like

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11
Q

The 2nd factor that affects solubility is ___

A

Temperature

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12
Q

Gas solutes have a ___ relationship with temperature and solubility

A

Indirect (ex: soda in a hot car)

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13
Q

For most solid solutes, they have a ___ relationship with temperature and solubility

A

Direct (ex: sugar in hot vs cold tea)

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14
Q

The 3rd factor that affects solubility is ___

-Only affects ___ solutes
-Increasing this ___ solubility

A

Pressure

-Gas
-Increases

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15
Q

IMPORTANT: The density of water is:

THIS IS VERY IMPORTANT! THIS PIECE OF INFORMATION WILL BE USEFUL IN MANY DIFFERENT CALCULATIONS!

A

1 gram per 1 mL

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16
Q

If more solute is added to a supersaturated solution, the excess solute will:

A

Settle as a precipitate, leaving the solution as saturated

17
Q

Molarity is:

THIS MEANS CONVERT TO AND BACK WHEN NECESSARY!

A

M= mols of solute/LITERS of solution

REMEMBER: Solution refers to TOTAL AMOUNT

18
Q

Unless otherwise specified, the density of a dilute solution is the ___ as waters

A

Same

19
Q

Molality is:

CONVERT WHEN NECESSARY- REMEMBER, WATERS DENSITY IS 1 g per 1 liter

A

m= mols of solute/kg of solvent (H2O)

20
Q

Percent by mass is:

CONVERT WHEN NEEDED

A

%= grams of part/grams of whole x 100

[Don’t forget to do calculations for both parts!]

21
Q

Percent by volume is:

CONVERT WHEN NEEDED- REMEMBER, mols=volume/22.4

A

%= volume of part/volume of TOTAL solution x 100

[Don’t forget to do calculations for both parts!]

22
Q

Mol fraction is:

VERY LIKELY THAT CONVERSIONS ARE NEEDED

A

mols of part/mols of total

[Don’t forget to do calculations for both parts!]

[No need to multiply by 100, since this is a fraction, not a percent <3]

23
Q

Parts per million is:

CONVERT WHEN NEEDED
Be very careful when reading- an air sample is usually the whole solution

A

ppm= grams of solute/grams of solution x 1,000,000

24
Q

The dilution formula is:

CONVERT WHEN NECESSARY

A

(M1)(V1)=(M2)(V2)
M1 is original molarity
V1 is volume
M2 is new molarity
V2 is total combined volume

When something is stated as “___ of ___”, this means that those two values HAVE TO BE ON THE SAME SIDE OF THE EQUATION

25
Q

On Table G, if the value is BELOW the line, then the solution would be:

A

Unsaturated

26
Q

On Table G, if the value is ABOVE the line, then the solution would be:

A

Supersaturated

27
Q

On Table G, if the value is ON the line, then the solution would be:

A

Saturated

28
Q

On Table G, if the amount of water is changed, then the amount of solute must be:

A

Changed accordingly in any calculations

29
Q

On Table G, gases tend to curve ___

A

Down

30
Q

On Table G, solids tend to curve ___

A

Up

31
Q

On Table G, if a question has a temperature change, then the following should be done:

A

The amounts of solute at those temperatures should be obtained, and then the difference should be figured out. This will show how much will crystallize, dissolve, or evaporate.

32
Q

The more nonvolatile particles, the more the boiling point ___, the more the freezing point ___, and the more the vapor pressure ___

A

Increases, decreases, decreases

33
Q

Vapor pressure and boiling point have an ___ relationship

A

Indirect

34
Q

The Van’t Hoff factor for boiling point equations is:

A

0.52

35
Q

The Van’t Hoff factor for freezing point equations is:

A

-1.86

36
Q

The i in BP and MP equations is linked to:

A

How many ions the compound dissolves into