[CHEM] Unit 10- Solutions Flashcards
The solvent is:
Doing the dissolving, and usually in a greater amount (ex: water)
The solute is:
The one being dissolved, and usually in a smaller amount (ex: salt, or flavored powder)
Solid solutions are ___, and examples of those include steel and ___
Alloys, brass
(___) is the symbol for if something has water as its solvent
Aq
Electrolytes are:
Acids, bases, and soluble ionic compounds
Electrolytes ___ ___ into separate ions. This process is called ___.
Break up, dissociating
___ compounds will not break into separate ions. They will only ___
Covalent (M+NM), break into separate molecules
Solutions ___ be separated by filtering
Cannot; this is because they are, well, dissolved
Solutions are always ___ mixtures
Homogeneous
The 1st factor that affects solubility is ___
-Nonpolar solvents only dissolve ___ solvents
-Polar solvents only dissolve ___ and ___ solutes
-“___dissolves like.”
Nature of solute and solvent (basically polarity)
-Nonpolar
-Polar and ionic (NM+NM)
-Like
The 2nd factor that affects solubility is ___
Temperature
Gas solutes have a ___ relationship with temperature and solubility
Indirect (ex: soda in a hot car)
For most solid solutes, they have a ___ relationship with temperature and solubility
Direct (ex: sugar in hot vs cold tea)
The 3rd factor that affects solubility is ___
-Only affects ___ solutes
-Increasing this ___ solubility
Pressure
-Gas
-Increases
IMPORTANT: The density of water is:
THIS IS VERY IMPORTANT! THIS PIECE OF INFORMATION WILL BE USEFUL IN MANY DIFFERENT CALCULATIONS!
1 gram per 1 mL
If more solute is added to a supersaturated solution, the excess solute will:
Settle as a precipitate, leaving the solution as saturated
Molarity is:
THIS MEANS CONVERT TO AND BACK WHEN NECESSARY!
M= mols of solute/LITERS of solution
REMEMBER: Solution refers to TOTAL AMOUNT
Unless otherwise specified, the density of a dilute solution is the ___ as waters
Same
Molality is:
CONVERT WHEN NECESSARY- REMEMBER, WATERS DENSITY IS 1 g per 1 liter
m= mols of solute/kg of solvent (H2O)
Percent by mass is:
CONVERT WHEN NEEDED
%= grams of part/grams of whole x 100
[Don’t forget to do calculations for both parts!]
Percent by volume is:
CONVERT WHEN NEEDED- REMEMBER, mols=volume/22.4
%= volume of part/volume of TOTAL solution x 100
[Don’t forget to do calculations for both parts!]
Mol fraction is:
VERY LIKELY THAT CONVERSIONS ARE NEEDED
mols of part/mols of total
[Don’t forget to do calculations for both parts!]
[No need to multiply by 100, since this is a fraction, not a percent <3]
Parts per million is:
CONVERT WHEN NEEDED
Be very careful when reading- an air sample is usually the whole solution
ppm= grams of solute/grams of solution x 1,000,000
The dilution formula is:
CONVERT WHEN NECESSARY
(M1)(V1)=(M2)(V2)
M1 is original molarity
V1 is volume
M2 is new molarity
V2 is total combined volume
When something is stated as “___ of ___”, this means that those two values HAVE TO BE ON THE SAME SIDE OF THE EQUATION
On Table G, if the value is BELOW the line, then the solution would be:
Unsaturated
On Table G, if the value is ABOVE the line, then the solution would be:
Supersaturated
On Table G, if the value is ON the line, then the solution would be:
Saturated
On Table G, if the amount of water is changed, then the amount of solute must be:
Changed accordingly in any calculations
On Table G, gases tend to curve ___
Down
On Table G, solids tend to curve ___
Up
On Table G, if a question has a temperature change, then the following should be done:
The amounts of solute at those temperatures should be obtained, and then the difference should be figured out. This will show how much will crystallize, dissolve, or evaporate.
The more nonvolatile particles, the more the boiling point ___, the more the freezing point ___, and the more the vapor pressure ___
Increases, decreases, decreases
Vapor pressure and boiling point have an ___ relationship
Indirect
The Van’t Hoff factor for boiling point equations is:
0.52
The Van’t Hoff factor for freezing point equations is:
-1.86
The i in BP and MP equations is linked to:
How many ions the compound dissolves into
