chem chapter 7 Flashcards

1
Q

degeneracy (long def)

A

in atoms, electrons occupy different energy levels/orbits. If multiple energy levels have the same energy, they are degenerate.

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2
Q

degenerate (short def)

A

In a single electron atom, subshells/orbits with the same quantum number are degenerate

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3
Q

what makes non-degeneracy?

A

sublevels with the same principal energy level

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4
Q

shielding

A

-electrons closer to the nucleus can shield electrons farther out from the nucleus causing them to to have a lower Zeff and have a higher energy

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5
Q

relate shielding to penetration

A

the closer, more penetrating orbital, shields the further out orbitals from the nucleus

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6
Q

penetration

A

orbitals with radial probability closer to the nucleus are more penetrated (they are closer to the nucleus)

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7
Q

paramagnetic

A

in the orbital diagram/chart- there are unpaired electrons (they are drawn to magnets)

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8
Q

diamagnetic

A

in electron chart/orbital diagram- paired electrons (slightly repel magnets)

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9
Q

what is the order of assigning electrons to orbitals?

A

1s, 2s, 2p, 3s, 4s, 3d, 4p, 5s, 4d, 5p, 6s, 4f, 5d, 6p, 7s, 5f, 6d, 7p,

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10
Q

pauli exclusion principle

A

no two electrons can have the same quantum numbers (n,l,ml,ms)
-only two electrons in the same orbital and they must have opposite spins

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11
Q

aufbau principle

A

electrons fill lower energy orbitals first

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12
Q

hunds rule

A

when multiple degenerate orbitals are available, electrons fill each singly with parallel spins before pairing
-orbitals with the same n and l values are degenerate in a multi-electron atom

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13
Q

effective nuclear charge (Zeff)

A

-an atom with electrons closer to the nucleus will generally have a higher Zeff
-Zeff increases from left to right
-Zeff=atomic number - number of core electrons

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14
Q

valence electrons

A

electrons in the outermost shell (highest principal quantum number)

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15
Q

transition metal exceptions with filling behavior

A

groups 6B and 11B
-instead of having a full ns orbital and (n-1)d^4 or (n-1)d^9 they move one electron up to the (n-1)d orbital taken from the ns orbital
-Cr, Mo, Cu, Ag, Au

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16
Q

excited state electron configurations

A

the electron will be missing from a lower energy level subshell and moved to a higher energy sublevel

17
Q

electron configurations of ions: cation

A

when an atom loses electrons (makes a cation), it loses the highest principle energy level first

18
Q

electron configuration of ions: anions

A

electrons fill to minimize their energy and anions will continue the same filling pattern as other atoms

19
Q

predicting ion charges: cation

A

look for which electrons will come off first: valence electrons

20
Q

predicting ion charges: anion

A

look for how many electrons are needed to reach an octet (8e-)

21
Q

ionization energy

A

-the amount of energy required to remove an electron from a neutral atom in the gas phase
-endothermic

22
Q

ionization energy trend and exceptions on the periodic table

A

it increases left to right and up
-exceptions:
switch groups 2 and 13 (13 has lower IE than expected)
switch groups 15 and 16 (16 has lower IE than expected)

23
Q

electron attachment enthalpy

A

the enthalpy change when a gaseous atom adds and electron forming a gaseous anion
this process is negative or exothermic

24
Q

electron affinity

A

the energy required to detach an electron to form an anion with a -1 charge
typically positive and is endothermic

25
what is the periodic trend for electron attachment enthalpy and electron affinity?
it becomes more favorable (increases) from the left to the right and up the periodic table
26
what are the exceptions for EA and EAE
-row 2 has a lower (less favorable) than row three -noble gases are very unfavorable -group 2 and 15 are less favorable than expected so groups 1 and 2 switch and groups 14 and 15 switch
27
atomic radius
measure of the size of the atom
28
atomic radius periodic trend
atomic radius increases from the right to the left and down the periodic table (opposite of what you would think)
29
polarizability
tendency of an atom to become polarized larger atoms have a higher polarizability because electrons are farther from the nucleus
30
polarizability on the periodic table
it increases from the left to the right and down the periodic table IMPORTANT: cations are smaller and anions are larger!
31
electronegativity
measure of an atoms ability to attract electrons to itself
32
electronegativity on the periodic table
EN increases from the left to the right and up the table HOWEVER, noble gases are excluded! fluorine is the most electronegative and francium is the lest electronegative