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High School > Chem 30 Unit 4 > Flashcards

Chem 30 Unit 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Organic compounds are…

A

compounds that contain carbon.

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2
Q

organic compounds DO NOT include…

A

carbonates, cyanides, carbides, or oxides of carbon

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3
Q

Historically, organic compounds…

A

had to be living things. This is no longer the case.

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4
Q

Molecular formula

A

shows the number and type of atoms, but not the structure

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5
Q

empirical molecular formula

A

shows the ratio of the types of atoms (not very useful)

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6
Q

expanded molecular formula

A

shows grouping of atoms. Brackets indicate side chains. Bonds are assumed to exist between atoms.

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7
Q

structural diagrams

A

(a line drawn to nowhere from a C means a H is attached)

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8
Q

condensed structural diagram

A

e.g. CH3CH2CH3

does not show C-H bonding

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9
Q

line structural diagram

A

uses lines to represent bonding.
Every end or kink represents a Carbon.

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10
Q

Hydrocarbons

A

compounds that contain only carbon and hydrogen

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11
Q

aliphatic compounds

A

hydrocarbons NOT based on the benzene ring
E.g. Alkanes, alkenes, alkynes

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12
Q

aromatic compounds

A

hydrocarbons based on/containing a benzene ring

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13
Q

hydrocarbon derivatives

A

a molecular compound of carbon and hydrogen plus at least one other element (e.g. a halogen, oxygen, etc.)

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14
Q

anything sticking off the main chain is…

A

branch, substituent group, or side group
alkyl group

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15
Q

saturated hydrocarbons

A

do not contain any double/triple bonds
e.g. alkanes

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16
Q

unsaturated hydrocarbons

A

contain double/triple bonds
e.g. alkenes/alkynes

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17
Q

alkane properties

A

non-polar. smaller alkanes have a lower boiling point. Larger alkanes have a higher boiling point.

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18
Q

boiling point is a…

A

physical property

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19
Q

Straight chain alkanes vs. branches alkanes

A

straight chain alkanes have a higher boiling point

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20
Q

structural isomer

A

compounds having the same empirical formula (same # of each type of atom), but different structural formula (so different name).

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21
Q

alkene properties

A

non-polar. has a lower boiling point than alkanes, as it has less electrons (therefore less LDF).

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22
Q

alkyne properties

A

non-polar. has higher boiling point than both alkanes and alkenes. compact structure (smaller molecule) allows for greater LDF.

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23
Q

most to least reactive aliphatic hydrocarbons

A

alkynes, alkenes, alkanes.

24
Q

cyclic hydrocarbons

A

aliphatic hydrocarbon chains that are in a ring

25
Q

the more branching…

A

the less LDF, therefore lower boiling points

26
Q

cycloalkanes are considered…

A

saturated

27
Q

cycloalkanes vs. straight chain alkane

A

cycloalkane has a larger boiling point

28
Q

benzene is

A

unsaturated

29
Q

cycloalkenes are…

A

unsaturated

30
Q

benzene as a branch is called

A

phenyl

31
Q

benzene properties

A

nonpolar if it has no branches. If it has branches, it will be polar.
It is a large enough molecule to be liquid at room temperature.

32
Q

functional group

A

special arrangement of atoms that is responsible for the chemical behaviour of the molecular (i.e. properties).

33
Q

alcohols

A

contains an -OH group (hydroxyl functional group).

34
Q

alcohols properties

A

polar. have much larger boiling points than hydrocarbons. miscible in water*

35
Q

*polar hydrocarbon miscible?

A

small polar hydrocarbons will dissolve in water. Larger polar hydrocarbons are not water soluble.

36
Q

Alkyl halides

A

Contain at least one halogen atom (group 17)

37
Q

carboxylic acids

A

Compound that contains a carboxyl group (COOH).

Are names —oic acid

38
Q

carboxylic acids properties

A

polar. have higher BP and solubility than alcohols. are water soluble*

39
Q

esters

A

Contains a CO bond and a carbonyl group (C=O).
functional group is in the middle.

named —yl —-oate

40
Q

ester properties

A

contains a fruity odour. Polar. Do not have hydrogen bonds, so lower BP than alcohols and carboxylic acids. smaller molecules are water soluble*

41
Q

Fractional distillation

A

the heating, cooling and condensation of petroleum.

Due to London forces, the bigger molecules condense first (higher boiling point = condense where it is hottest = bottom) and are taken out. The smallest molecules have a low boiling point and condense at the top where it is coolest.

42
Q

cracking

A

heating a substance under pressure in the absence of air to cause the breaking (cracking) of C-C bonds to make smaller molecules. (breaks down)

43
Q

Catalytic cracking

A

low pressure with a catalyst

44
Q

hydrocracking

A

the addition of hydrogen gas during the process.

45
Q

reforming

A

uses heat, high pressure and catalysts to convert straight chain alkenes into branched alkanes, cyclic alkanes and aromatics. (rebuild)

46
Q

combustion reaction

A

if excess oxygen is present, ALL hydrocarbons will burn completely to produce carbon dioxide and water vapour (no useful organic products are produced).

47
Q

incomplete combustion

A

limited supply of oxygen;
contains products are carbon monoxide, soot (pure carbon), etc. along with carbon dioxide and water vapour.

48
Q

addition reaction

A

when atoms are added to a double or triple bond. The double/triple bond breaks, and the small molecule is added.
becoming more saturated.

49
Q

hydrogenation

A

addition reaction with H2 gas.

50
Q

bromine test

A

tests for double/triple bond. If a addition reaction occurs (contains multiple bond), the bromine will lose its colour.

51
Q

Elimination reaction

A

atoms are removed from an organic molecule and a double bond forms between 2 carbons that lost atoms.

52
Q

substitution reaction

A

a hydrogen atom or a functional group is replaced by a different functional group

53
Q

esterification

A

an alcohol combines with a carboxylic acid to produce an ester and water.
the alcohol forms the branch.

54
Q

polymer

A

a very long molecule made by linking together many smaller molecules called monomers.
name by adding ‘poly’ in front of the monomer name.

55
Q

addition polymerization

A

a reaction in which alkene monomers are joined through multiple addition reactions to form a polymer.

56
Q

condensation polymerization

A

Monomers combine to
form a polymer and a
bi‐product (water).
e.g. polyesters, polyamides

High School (18 decks)

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