Chem 30 Unit 4 Flashcards
Organic compounds are…
compounds that contain carbon.
organic compounds DO NOT include…
carbonates, cyanides, carbides, or oxides of carbon
Historically, organic compounds…
had to be living things. This is no longer the case.
Molecular formula
shows the number and type of atoms, but not the structure
empirical molecular formula
shows the ratio of the types of atoms (not very useful)
expanded molecular formula
shows grouping of atoms. Brackets indicate side chains. Bonds are assumed to exist between atoms.
structural diagrams
(a line drawn to nowhere from a C means a H is attached)
condensed structural diagram
e.g. CH3CH2CH3
does not show C-H bonding
line structural diagram
uses lines to represent bonding.
Every end or kink represents a Carbon.
Hydrocarbons
compounds that contain only carbon and hydrogen
aliphatic compounds
hydrocarbons NOT based on the benzene ring
E.g. Alkanes, alkenes, alkynes
aromatic compounds
hydrocarbons based on/containing a benzene ring
hydrocarbon derivatives
a molecular compound of carbon and hydrogen plus at least one other element (e.g. a halogen, oxygen, etc.)
anything sticking off the main chain is…
branch, substituent group, or side group
alkyl group
saturated hydrocarbons
do not contain any double/triple bonds
e.g. alkanes
unsaturated hydrocarbons
contain double/triple bonds
e.g. alkenes/alkynes
alkane properties
non-polar. smaller alkanes have a lower boiling point. Larger alkanes have a higher boiling point.
boiling point is a…
physical property
Straight chain alkanes vs. branches alkanes
straight chain alkanes have a higher boiling point
structural isomer
compounds having the same empirical formula (same # of each type of atom), but different structural formula (so different name).
alkene properties
non-polar. has a lower boiling point than alkanes, as it has less electrons (therefore less LDF).
alkyne properties
non-polar. has higher boiling point than both alkanes and alkenes. compact structure (smaller molecule) allows for greater LDF.
most to least reactive aliphatic hydrocarbons
alkynes, alkenes, alkanes.
cyclic hydrocarbons
aliphatic hydrocarbon chains that are in a ring
the more branching…
the less LDF, therefore lower boiling points
cycloalkanes are considered…
saturated
cycloalkanes vs. straight chain alkane
cycloalkane has a larger boiling point
benzene is
unsaturated
cycloalkenes are…
unsaturated
benzene as a branch is called
phenyl
benzene properties
nonpolar if it has no branches. If it has branches, it will be polar.
It is a large enough molecule to be liquid at room temperature.
functional group
special arrangement of atoms that is responsible for the chemical behaviour of the molecular (i.e. properties).
alcohols
contains an -OH group (hydroxyl functional group).
alcohols properties
polar. have much larger boiling points than hydrocarbons. miscible in water*
*polar hydrocarbon miscible?
small polar hydrocarbons will dissolve in water. Larger polar hydrocarbons are not water soluble.
Alkyl halides
Contain at least one halogen atom (group 17)
carboxylic acids
Compound that contains a carboxyl group (COOH).
Are names —oic acid
carboxylic acids properties
polar. have higher BP and solubility than alcohols. are water soluble*
esters
Contains a CO bond and a carbonyl group (C=O).
functional group is in the middle.
named —yl —-oate
ester properties
contains a fruity odour. Polar. Do not have hydrogen bonds, so lower BP than alcohols and carboxylic acids. smaller molecules are water soluble*
Fractional distillation
the heating, cooling and condensation of petroleum.
Due to London forces, the bigger molecules condense first (higher boiling point = condense where it is hottest = bottom) and are taken out. The smallest molecules have a low boiling point and condense at the top where it is coolest.
cracking
heating a substance under pressure in the absence of air to cause the breaking (cracking) of C-C bonds to make smaller molecules. (breaks down)
Catalytic cracking
low pressure with a catalyst
hydrocracking
the addition of hydrogen gas during the process.
reforming
uses heat, high pressure and catalysts to convert straight chain alkenes into branched alkanes, cyclic alkanes and aromatics. (rebuild)
combustion reaction
if excess oxygen is present, ALL hydrocarbons will burn completely to produce carbon dioxide and water vapour (no useful organic products are produced).
incomplete combustion
limited supply of oxygen;
contains products are carbon monoxide, soot (pure carbon), etc. along with carbon dioxide and water vapour.
addition reaction
when atoms are added to a double or triple bond. The double/triple bond breaks, and the small molecule is added.
becoming more saturated.
hydrogenation
addition reaction with H2 gas.
bromine test
tests for double/triple bond. If a addition reaction occurs (contains multiple bond), the bromine will lose its colour.
Elimination reaction
atoms are removed from an organic molecule and a double bond forms between 2 carbons that lost atoms.
substitution reaction
a hydrogen atom or a functional group is replaced by a different functional group
esterification
an alcohol combines with a carboxylic acid to produce an ester and water.
the alcohol forms the branch.
polymer
a very long molecule made by linking together many smaller molecules called monomers.
name by adding ‘poly’ in front of the monomer name.
addition polymerization
a reaction in which alkene monomers are joined through multiple addition reactions to form a polymer.
condensation polymerization
Monomers combine to
form a polymer and a
bi‐product (water).
e.g. polyesters, polyamides
