Bio 30 Unit 2 Final Review Flashcards

1
Q

Gregor Mendel

A

father of genetics. Studied pea plants.

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2
Q

Gene Pool

A

all the genes in a given population

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3
Q

Allele

A

alternate forms of a gene controlling a characteristic.
Found in the same position (locus) of homologous chromosomes

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4
Q

Pure

A

homozygous dominant or homozygous recessive

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5
Q

Heterozygous

A

genotype with 1 dominant and 1 recessive. Hybrid.

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6
Q

Genotype

A

alleles that make up a trait

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7
Q

Phenotype

A

observable characteristics of an organism.

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8
Q

Monohybrid cross

A

cross involving a single traits

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9
Q

Dihybrid cross

A

cross involving two traits

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10
Q

Generations naming

A

P1 = parents
F1 = first generation (filial)
F2 = 2nd generation

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11
Q

Mendels ratios (2 x heterozygous)

A

making two heterozygotes = 3:1 phenotype ratio, dominant: recessive

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12
Q

Mendel’s Laws of Heredity

A
  1. Law of Dominance
  2. Law of Segregation
  3. Law of Independent Assortment
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13
Q

Law of Dominance

A

In heterozygotes, the dominant alleles will mask the recessive allele; the dominant allele will be expressed exclusively.

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14
Q

Law of Segregation

A

during the formation of gametes, the two alleles responsible for a trait will separate. Offspring will receive one allele from each parent, which are recombined during fertilization = offspring genotype.

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15
Q

Law of Independent Assortment

A

alleles are randomly distributed to gametes. the allele that a gamete receives for one gene does not affect the allele that it receives for a different gene.

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16
Q

Genotypic ratios

A

homozygous dominant: heterozygous: homozygous recessive

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17
Q

Phenotypic ratios

A

dominant: recessive

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18
Q

test cross

A

performed between a homozygous individual and an unknown individual

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19
Q

Autosomal dominant

A

Both males and females are equally affected.
Unaffected parents cannot produce an affected child

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20
Q

x-linked recessive

A

Mostly males affected
No transmission of trait from father to son

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21
Q

autosomal recessive

A

Both males and females are equally affected.
Trait tends to skip generations
Unaffected parents can produce an affected child

22
Q

x-linked dominant

A

Affected sons must inherit from affected mother

23
Q

Pleiotropy

A

one gene affects more than one phenotypic characteristic

24
Q

Multiple alleles

A

more than two alleles for a specific trait (dominance hierarchy)

25
Q

Incomplete dominance

A

having an appearance between phenotypes of the two parental varieties

26
Q

codominance

A

both alleles are expressed at the same time. (e.g. blood type)

27
Q

of gametes that can be produced

A

2^n (where n = # of heterozygotes)

28
Q

Mendel - dihybrid crosses

A

used this to develop the law of independent assortment

29
Q

9:3:3:1

A

2 heterozygote traits x2

30
Q

Selective breeding

A

used to improve domestic varieties of plants and animals

31
Q

purebred (inbred)

A

similar phenotypes are selected for breeding

32
Q

hybridization

A

desirable, but different traits are bred, creating new varieties

33
Q

Epistatis

A

multiple genes affect a single trait (one gene may mask/interfere with the expression of another gene)

34
Q

Complementary interaction

A

when 2 different genotypes interact to produce a phenotype that neither is capable of producing by itself.

35
Q

T.H. Morgan

A

studied fruit flies. Discovered sex linked traits.
Discovered that some genes do not segregate independently (linked genes)

36
Q

Males cannot be ____ for sex linked traits

A

carriers/heterozygous

37
Q

Barr bodies are…

A

small dark spots of chromatin that can be seen in somatic cells of female mammals during interphase.

38
Q

Barr bodies (info)

A

females only need one of their x chromosomes to produce the proteins that their cell needs.
One of the x chromosomes (random) goes dormant, becomes a barr body.
Some will either display maternal/paternal x chromosome, so not all female cells will be identical.

39
Q

Barr bodies (lethal genes)

A

heterozygous females who carry a lethal gene. Gene may only be active in 50% of cells.

40
Q

Testes determining factor

A

lies on the y chromosome. When activated, it stimulates testes to start releasing male hormones.

41
Q

Testicular feminizing syndrome (TFS)

A

XY embryo develops testes which secretes testosterone.
Nearby tissues are insensitive to testosterone, and external female genitals form.

42
Q

Linked genes

A

genes located on the same chromosome tend to be transmitted together.
They move together during meiosis, resulting in fewer combinations of alleles

43
Q

Non-recombinants/parental types

A

offspring that have the same genes as parents

44
Q

Recombinants

A

offsprings with new combinations of alleles

45
Q

crossing over

A

occurs during meiosis –> greater combinations

46
Q

crossing over frequency

A

(recombinants/total offspring) x100

47
Q

which genes are most likely to end up on the same chromosome?

A

those located closest to each other. The farther genes are, the more likely they will be affected by crossing over.

48
Q

cross over % =

A

map unit

49
Q

Transposons

A

specific segments of DNA that can move/jump along a chromosome

50
Q

Gene Therapy

A

process by which defective genes are replaced with normal genes, in order to cure genetic diseases (gene insertion, gene modification, gene surgery)