Bio 30 Unit 4b Final Review Flashcards

1
Q

Homeostasis

A

The body maintains a constant balance to adjust to a fluctuating environment

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2
Q

negative feedback

A

Mechanisms that make adjustments to bring the body back within the acceptable range.

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3
Q

positive feedback

A

amplifies/reinforces change

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4
Q

hormones

A

chemical regulators produced by cells in one part of the body that affect cells in another part of the body

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5
Q

non-target hormones

A

affect many cells (e.g. growth hormone, insulin, epinephrine, etc.)

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6
Q

target tissues

A

have specific receptor sites to which hormones bind.

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7
Q

steroid hormones

A

Made from cholesterol (lipid); fat-soluble; not soluble in water

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8
Q

protein hormones

A

contains amino acid chains; water soluble

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9
Q

tropic hormones

A

stimulate a specific target gland to secrete another hormone

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10
Q

antagonistic hormones

A

a pair of hormones that have opposite effects on one another

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11
Q

antagonistic hormones examples:

A

insulin (lower blood glucose) and glucagon (raises blood glucose).

calcitonin and PTH.

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12
Q

pheromones

A

chemicals that affect organisms of the same species

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13
Q

secretory cells

A

specialized cells that perform the secretory function

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14
Q

neurosecretory cells

A

Release hormones into body fluids or storage organs; hormones are released at a later time

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15
Q

exocrine glands

A

produces sweat, mucus, or digestive enzymes. Products are sent to locations via ducts

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16
Q

endocrine glands

A

ductless glands
Produce hormones which are released into body fluids

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17
Q

anterior =

A

front

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18
Q

posterior =

A

back

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19
Q

anterior pit gland is mostly…

A

glandular tissue

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20
Q

posterior pit gland is mostly…

A

neural tissue

21
Q

the pituitary gland is

A

the master gland which controls other endocrine glands

22
Q

anterior pit. gland

A

produces its own hormones. release is regulated by the hypothalamus

23
Q

posterior pit. gland

A

stores and releases hormones produced by the hypothalamus
ADH and Oxytocin

24
Q

2 types of cells in the pancreas

A

Producing digestive enzymes (exocrine)

Produces hormones (endocrine)

25
Q

insulin

A

brings blood sugar down → converts glucose into glycogen for storage

26
Q

glucagon

A

brings blood sugar up. converts glycogen into glucose.

27
Q

diabetes mellitus

A

inadequate production of insulin by the islets of langherhans (beta cells)

28
Q

diabetes mellitus side effect

A

high blood sugar which has to be expelled in large amounts of urine. Little sugar is able to be stored = low energy. fats and proteins are used instead for energy.

29
Q

type 1 diabetes (junevile)

A

early degeneration of beta cells in the islets of Langerhans (must be treated by insulin injections)

30
Q

type 2 diabetes (adult)

A

decreased insulin production by insulin cells

31
Q

gestational diabetes

A

temporary, occurs during 2-4% of pregnancies. Increases risk of Type 2 in mother and child.

32
Q

Islet cell transplant:

A

islet cells are extracted from the pancreas of the donor and infused into the recipient’s liver.

33
Q

adrenal medulla =

A

short term stress responses.

epinephrine and epinephrine

34
Q

adrenal glands

A

hats on top of kidneys

35
Q

adrenal cortex (outer)

A

long term stress responses.

mineralcorticoids –> aldosterone

glucocorticoids –> cortisol

36
Q

Higher levels of thyroid hormones secreted

A

= sugars and nutrients oxidized faster
Warmer individuals, tend not to gain weight

37
Q

Lower levels of thyroid hormones

A

= sugars oxidized slower
Excess blood sugar is converted into liver and muscle glycogen
Excess sugar -> fat
Colder, dryer skin.

38
Q

iodine

A

needed for thyroid hormones. lack of iodine results in a goiter = an enlarged thyroid gland.

39
Q

Hyperthyroidism:

A

excess secretion, high body temperature, sweating, high blood pressure

40
Q

Hypothyroidism:

A

low secretion, lethargy in adults, cretinism (dwarfism) in infants.

41
Q

Calcium levels are regulated by…

A

calcitonin and parathyroid hormone (PTH)

42
Q

low levels of calcium may result in…

A

Tetany: convulsive contractions of skeletal muscles.

43
Q

too much calcium may result in…

A

kidney stones

44
Q

hyposecretion of growth hormone during adulthood…

A

acromegaly → Growth plates have fused, so long bones can no longer increase in length. Bones in jaw, forehead, fingers, and toes increase in width → broadening of facial features.

45
Q

diabetes insipidus

A

The posterior gland does not secrete enough ADH/the kidney does not respond to ADH.
high urine outputs

46
Q

ADH

A

causes increased permeability of water into the nephron.

47
Q

Aldosterone

A

stimulated by low blood pressure. causes Na+ to be reabsorped in the nephrons. water follows by osmosis –> higher blood pressure.

48
Q

prostaglandins

A

hormones that have a pronounced effect on a small localized area