Chedy - theme 8

Question 1

Autonomic nervous system:

Answer 1

(ANS or visceral NS.) Controls involuntary visceral functions below the level of consciousness. Some functions work in tandem with the conscious mind, such as breathing.

Question 2

Divisions of the ANS:

Answer 2

Sympathetic - fight/flight.

Parasympathetic - rest/digest.

Question 3

All CONTROLLED responses are regulated by which Ntransmitters?

Answer 3

ACh and NE only! Neato. Just two.

Question 4

What stuff does ACh control? NE?

Answer 4

ACh: various organs in PNS, sweat glands in SNS, skeletal muscle
NE: various organs in SNS

Question 5

Sites of ACh release: *check against midterm

Answer 5

All preganglionic terminals of ANS. All parasympathetic postganglionic terminals. Sympathetic postganglionic terminals at sweat glands and some blood vessels in skeletal muscle. Terminals of efferent neurons supplying skeletal muscle. CNS.

Question 6

Sites of NE release: * check against midterm

Answer 6

Most sympathetic ANS postganglionic terminals. Adrenal medulla. CNS.

Question 7

Ntransmitters of the sympathetic ANS:

Answer 7

Catecholamines, biogenic amines derived from Phe and Tyr. Epinephrine and Norepinephrine.

Question 8

Adrenal medulla:

Answer 8

A modified sympathetic ganglion that is supplied by cholinergic fibres. Secretes E and NE into circulation.

Question 9

Circulatory effects of E:

Answer 9

At high E levels, affects alpha adrenoreceptors more, causing vasoconstriction and increase in peripheral vascular resistance.
At low E levels, affects beta adrenoreceptors more, causing vasodilation and decrease in peripheral vascular resistance.

Question 10

Some of the weirder effects of E, since you already know the boring ones:

Answer 10

Stimulates glycogenlysis (converting liver glycogen into glucose), inhibits peristalsis in gastrointestinal tract

Question 11

How specific is the sympathetic nervous system?

Answer 11

Usually quite general because one preganglionic neuron synapses with many postganglionic partners. Adrenaline is released into the blood to ensure that all cells will be exposed to sympathetic stimulation even if no synapses reach them directly.

Question 12

Walter Cannon:

Answer 12

First described fight/flight/freeze response. This response is the first stage in general adaptation to regulate stress response.