Chedy - theme 3

Question 1

Animals and neurons:

Answer 1

All animals have neurons except for snails. Number varies as a function of size and behavioural complexity.

Question 2

Steps of processing info in single neurons:

Answer 2

Incoming signals are converted to a change in membrane potential, which initiates action potentials, which are conducted to axon terminals, which releases Ntransmitters.

Question 3

Glial cells or neuroglia:

Answer 3

The non-nervous cells of the nervous system. Structural and functional support of neurons.

Question 4

Glia : neurons

Answer 4

In the human brain, one glia for one neuron. In cerebral gray matter, three glia for two neurons.

Question 5

Different kinds of glial cells:

Answer 5

Astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, Schwann cells; microglia, ependymal cells, satellite cells

Question 6

Schwann cells:

Answer 6

Principal glia of PNS. Make myelin sheath on motor/sensory neurons.

Question 7

Development of CNS:

Answer 7

4 weeks - three parts. 5 weeks - -encephalon names.

Question 8

Bits of the adult brain:

Answer 8

Cerebrum, thalamus, hypothalamus, midbrain, cerebellum, pons, medulla oblongata

Question 9

Cerebellum:

Answer 9

Integrates signals from eyes, ears, and muscle with motor signals from cerebrum.

Question 10

Pons:

Answer 10

Traffic centre for info between cerebellum and cerebrum.

Question 11

Medulla oblongata:

Answer 11

Controls vital involuntary tasks.

Question 12

Brain stem parts:

Answer 12

Midbrain, pons, medulla

Question 13

Midbrain:

Answer 13

Coordinates reflex responses. Relays involuntary reactions to the cerebrum.

Question 14

Cerebrum:

Answer 14

Largest part of the human brain. Controls higher functions.

Question 15

Thalamus:

Answer 15

Centre for sensory input. Relays input to cerebellum.

Question 16

Hypothalamus:

Answer 16

Centre for homeostatic control.

Question 17

Neocortex:

Answer 17

Newly gained in evolution. Covers the two cerebral hemispheres. Involved in higher functions. Consists of grey matter (unmyelinated) and white matter (myelinated) in the deeper part of the brain.

Question 18

Neocortex and animals:

Answer 18

Smooth in small mammals. Has deep grooves (sulci) and ridges (gyri) in primates and larger mammals to increase surface area.

Question 19

PNS breakdown:

Answer 19

Afferent - sensory information coming in. Efferent - effectors going out. Efferent is broken into somatic and autonomic.

Question 20

Somatic NS:

Answer 20

Conscious/voluntary movements. Also reflexes like shivering, posture, balance. Carries messages from CNS to skeletal muscles.

Question 21

Autonomic NS:

Answer 21

Automatic. All that stuff, you know. Controls smooth muscle contraction. Two kinds of neurons: one with dendrites and cell body in the CNS with ganglia in PNS. The other extends from the ganglion to the effector.

Question 22

Reflexes: you know what they are. what kinds are there?

Answer 22

Patellar, babinski (fanning toes when touched), grasping, suckling, rooting