Check in chapter 3

Question 1

Explain what hereditary and environmental factors are and can give an example

Answer 1

Hereditary factors are- the passing on of genes or genetic information from parents to offspring (e.g from your parents to you)

Environmental factors are- different external factors within a person’s environment (e.g the way a child is raised)

Question 2

What is a critical period of development?

Answer 2

Critical - a limited period of time where an organism has heightened sensitivity to external stimuli, that is compulsory for the development of a certain skill

If it’s not learned during this time, it is almost impossible to learn in the future

Question 3

What is a sensitive period of development

Answer 3

Sensitive - time periods during development where an individual is more responsive to certain environmental experiences,

They occur frequently during pre-natal (before birth) development, as well as post-natal (after birth) (although not as rapid as pre-natal)

‘optimal’ times for some types of learning. If it is missed, it can be learned later on, but it will be harder.

Question 4

Give examples of critical and sensitive periods in a person’s development

Answer 4

critical - Imprinting (newborn animal forms an attachment to a moving object that it sees shortly after hatching or being born)

sensitive - Language (roughly up to age 12)

Question 5

Define attachment

Answer 5

- refers to the formation of a close, social and emotional bond between an infant and their caregiver

- The attachment that an infant forms at a young age heavily influences their emotional development

Question 6

State the main findings of Harlow’s research

Answer 6

Harlow used the rhesus monkeys to find out that contact comfort is more important than feeding in the formation of infant-mother attachment in rhesus monkeys

Question 7

State the main findings of Bowlby’s research

Answer 7

Bowlby found out that children deprived of a mother figure:

- have greater chance of developing mental disorders such as depression

- have lower IQ

- demonstrate more antisocial behaviour and deliquency

- are abnormal in interactions and might not develop a good relationship with their offspring

Question 8

State the main findings of Ainsworth’s research

Answer 8

Ainsworth found out there are 3 types of attachment:
- secure 65%
- insecure avoidant 25%
- Insecure resistant 10%

Question 9

What is Secure attachment?

Answer 9

Secure:
- Infant showed distress when separated from mother
- Avoidant of stranger, unless accompanied by mother
- happy to see their motherr after separation

Parenting behaviour (secure)
- Caregiver responds appropriately to the infants needs and is consistent with their response
- Infant knows the caregiver will allways be available and responsible

Question 10

What is Insecure avoidant attachment?

Answer 10

Insecure avoidant
- Showed no interest when separated from mother
- Played happily with stranger
- Ignored mother after separation

Parenting behaviour
- Inconsistent with their emotions and responses to the infant’s needs

Question 11

What is Insecure resistant attachment?

Answer 11

Insecure resistant
- Infant showed intense distress when separated from mother
- Significant fear of stranger
- Approched mother but rejected contact after separation

Parenting behaviour
- Caregiver’s are strict and emotionally distant from the infant
- Caregiver’s expect the infant to be tough and independent and disprove emotion

Question 12

What is Insecure disorganised attachment?

Answer 12

Insecure disorganised
- Want contact from parents but too scared to

Question 13

Identify the 4 stages of Piaget’s theory

Answer 13

4 stages:
1 - Sensorimotor stage (0-2 years)
2 - Preoperational stage (2-7 years)
3 - Concrete operational stage (7-12 years)
4 - Formal operational stage (12+ years)

Question 14

Key developments for Sensorimotor stage (0-2 years)

Answer 14

- They construct the world using sensory experiences and motor abilities

- Key goals: object permanece and goal-direct behaviour

Question 15

Key developments for Preoperational stage (2-7 years)

Answer 15

- They can internally represent events (think and imagine things)
- Key goals: child becomes less egocentruc, transformation, reversibility and animise

(animism is the belief that everything has a life e.g toy can feel tired and sad)

(egocentric is when children think others see the world in the same way they do e.g if they cant see you you cant see them)

Question 16

Key developments for Concrete operational stage (7-12 years)

Answer 16

- Children thinking revolves around what they know and what they can experience through their (concrete) senses
- Key goals: Mastery of conservation, classification and Reversibility of thought

Question 17

Key developments for Formal operational stage (12+ years)

Answer 17

- More complex thoughts become evident, and more sophisticated thinking
- They do not need to see or visualise things in order to conceptualisee them
- Key goals: Abstract thinking (reasoning) Logical thinking (thinking in a systematic way)

Question 18

What’s the difference between typical and atypical development?

Answer 18

Typical development in children gives a generic picture of progress compared to same-age peers.

Atypical development appears when a child either lags behind or jumps ahead of typical peer progress, in any regard – physical, cognitive, social or in adaptive life skills.

Question 19

Explain why mental health / mental disorder are on a continuum

Answer 19

Depending on the internal and external faculties of a person at any time, they can lie at one point of the continuum and shift position as their situation improves or deteriorates

Question 20

What is the biopsychosocial framework of mental health?

Answer 20

- All the factors in each domain affect and are affected by one another

- depression (mental health disorder) can be explained by the combined effects of genes and brain chemistry (biological), which can impact your way of thinking to be negative (psychological), and could have been impacted by environmental conditions (social)

Question 21

Explain the 3 components of the BioPsychoSocial Model and give examples

Answer 21

Bio - psychologically based or determined influences, often not under our control e.g inherited genes, balances or imbalances in brain chemistry

Psycho - Influences associated with mental processes e.g beliefs, attitudes, ways of thinking

Social - our interaction with others, the range and quality of our interpersonal relationships, support from others etc

Question 22

Explain the 3 components of Psychological Development with examples

Answer 22

Social - Involves changes in an inderviduals relationships with other people (e.g the ability to form and maintain close relationships with others)

Cognitive - Involves changes in an inderviduals mental abilitys (e.g reasoning, problem solving, decision making and memory)

Emotional - Involves changes in how an indervidual experiences different feelings and how these feelings are expressed (e.g how you react to anger now vs how you did when you were 4)