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psych 1/2 > chapter 5 > Flashcards

chapter 5 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the brain, what does it do and what is it responsible for

A

The powerhouse of the body

The control centre of all your body and bodily functions

it is responsible for things such as intelligence, creativity, perceptions, reactions, emotions, and memories

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2
Q

Timeline of understanding the complexity of the brain

A

1- Brain vs heart debate

2- Mind-body problem

3- Phrenology

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3
Q

What was the brain vs heart debate, who believed what and what is now accepted?

A

debate about what was the source of all thoughts, feelings and behaviours

Ancient-Egyptions believed it was the heart and soul

Antient Greeks believed both- brain hypothesis and heart hypothesis

Brain hypothesis is now universally accepted

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4
Q

What was the results of the mind Body Problem

A

-Mind and body are separate

-Mind is non-physical (soul), and body is physical

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5
Q

When and what is Phrenology and is it true?

A

- A popular study in the 19th century

- Study was based on the brain being the organ of the mind, and that certain areas have localised, specific functions

- They would measure the bumps- that’s what makes people smart etc

- It is a pseudoscience (not true)

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6
Q

First Brain Experiments

A

1- Brain Ablation

2- Electical Stimulation

3- Split Brain

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7
Q

What does brain Ablation involve and why was it know as (lesioning)

A

- Involves disabling, destroying, or removing selected brain tissue then assessing the new change in behaviour

- Sometimes known as lesioning, because it ends in brain injury and is usually irreversible

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8
Q

How did Electrical Stimulation work

A

- Weak electrical signals are generated continuously by neurons throughout the brain

- A small current-induced wire is inserted or placed onto a specific area of the brain

- A signal was either passed through the brain, to see what body part moves; or a body part moves then the pulse is detected by the wire

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9
Q

What did Roger Sperry demonstrate through Split-Brain Experiments, who had undergone this and what does the surgery involve

A

- Roger Sperry demonstrated that the brain’s cerebral hemispheres specialise in different tasks

- He studied patients who had undergone split brain surgery as radical treatment towards epilepsy

- Split-brain surgery involves cutting the tissue that connects the two hemispheres

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10
Q

What is the main function of the Central Nervous System

A

The main function of the CNS is to process information recieved through the sensory systems and other parts of the body and to activate appropriate actions (e.g speaking)

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11
Q

CNS includes

A

-Brain
-Spinal cord

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12
Q

What is the Spinal Cord, what does it link the brain to and two major functions

A

- A long, bundle of nerve tissue that extends from the brain to the lower back

- Links the brain to the body parts below the neck

- Two major functions are:
1- Recieve sensory information from the body and sends to the brain

2- Recieve motor information from the brain and send to relevant parts of the body

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13
Q

What is the primary role of the Peripheral Nervous System and what does it provide the CNS with

A

The primary role is to relay motor information from the brain to the needed body parts

Provides CNS with information about the external and internal environments

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14
Q

What is a Neuron

A

Neurons are the most important cell

A neuron is an individual nerve cell that receives, and/or transmits information to other cells

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15
Q

What are the 3 types of neurons

A

1- Motor Neuron
2- Sensory Neuron
3- Interneurons

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16
Q

What does the Axon Terminal do

A

- Neurotransmitters carry messages from one neuron to the next

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17
Q

How do the Nodes of Ranvier help

A

Enables the impulse to travel much faster

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18
Q

what do Dendrites do

A

Deflects and recieves information from another neuron

information recieved is passed down to the soma

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19
Q

What does the Soma do

A

Combines the neural information recieved at the dentrites and sends it to the axon

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20
Q

What is an Axon and what does it do

A

Single, tubelike, extension of a neuron

transmits neural information away from the soma to other neurons or cells

21
Q

What does the Myelin do

A

- Coats and helps insulate the axon from other axons’ activities

- helps communicate messages much faster

22
Q

Divisions of the brain

A

- Forebrain

- Midbrain

- Hindbrain

23
Q

What does the Forebrain help regulate, examples and what does it maintain?

A

- Helps regulate complex cognitive processes such as:

- decision making
- problem solving
- processing sensory info
- initiating voluntary movement

Attention and filtering sensory info

Maintaining the body’s stable biological state, known as homeostasis

24
Q

What does the Midbrain do, what does it filter and direct and whats it involved in

A

- Relaying messages between the hindbrain and forebrain

- Filtering and directing sensory info

- Involved in movement, processing sensory info, regulating arousal and alertness

25
Q

What does the Hindbrain do

A

- Regulation of sleep-wake-cycle

- Regulation of autonomic functions such as breathing, heart rate and digestion

- Coordination of muscle movement

26
Q

What is in Hindbrain

A

Pons, Cerebellum, Medulla

27
Q

What is the Pons involved in and how does it connect parts of the brain

A

- Involved in sleep, dreaming, and waking up from sleep

- Acts as a bridge to connect parts of the brain to each other (e.g medulla and midbrain)

28
Q

What does the Cerebellum do, whats it involved in and how many neurons

A

- Coordinates fine muscle movements and regulates posture and balance

- Involved in learning and memory associated with movement (muscle memory)

- 10% of the brain’s mass but contains 80% of brains neurons

29
Q

What is the Medulla connected to, what does it control what happens if damaged

A

- Connected to the brain stem

- Controls vital automatic life functions

- e.g swallowing, breathing, heart rate

- Damage or injury is often fatal

30
Q

What is in the Midbrain

A

Reticular Formation

31
Q

Where is the Reticular Formation located, what does it help screen, what does it alert higher brain centres with and what does it help maintain

A

- Runs through the midbrain and hindbrain

- Helps screen incoming information so the brain doesnt get overloaded

- Alerts higher brain centres regarding important information

- Helps maintain consiousness

32
Q

Whats in the Forebrain

A

Cerebrum, Hypothalamus, Thalamus

33
Q

What is the Cerebrum responsible for and what is it divided into

A

- Responsible for almost everything we consciously think, feel and do

- Divided into left and right

34
Q

What does the Hypothalamus help maintain, help regulate and what is it associated with

A

- Helps maintain homeostasis (maintenance of a stable internal environment)

- Helps regulate the release of hormones by controlling the pituitary gland

- Associated with hunger, thirst, and sleep, partly responsible for emotional and motivated behaviours

35
Q

What is processed in the Thalamus and what does it filter

A

- Almost all sensory and motor information is processed here

- Filters information from all senses (exept smell) and passes to relevant processing areas

36
Q

What is the Cerebral cortex responsible for and organised into

A

Responsible for:

- higher order processes e.g thinking, perception, problem-solving

- Memory

- language

- regulation of emotion

Organised into sensory areas (receive information), motor areas (initiate movement) and association areas (integration of information)

37
Q

Cereberal Hemispheres

A

- Left Hemisphere

- Right Hemisphere

38
Q

Left Hemisphere

A

- Sensory stimulus from the right side of the body

- Motor control of the right side of the body

- Speech, language and comprehension

- Analysis and calculations

- Time and sequencing

- Recognition of words, letters and numbers

39
Q

Right Hemisphere

A

- Creativity

- Sensory stimulis from left side of body

- Motor control of left side of body

- Spatial ability

- Context/ perception

-Recognition of face, places and objects

40
Q

Cortical lobes of the cerebral cortex

A

- Frontal Lobe

- Parental Lobe

- Occipital Lobe

- Temporal Lobe

41
Q

What is the Parietal lobe main functions

A

- Its main function is to receive and process bodily, or ‘somatosensory information
- Somatosensory simply means bodily sensation, for instance, touch, vibration, itch, tikle
- spatial reasoning
- perception of 3D objects

42
Q

What does the Primary Somatosensory Cortex receive and process, examples and what occupies more of the cortex

A

- Recieves and processes sensory information from the skin and body

- sensory info such as touch, pressure, temperature and pain from the body

- areas more sensitive occupy more of the cortex

43
Q

What is the Occipital lobe devoted to and contains

A

- Almost exclusively devoted to the sense of vision

- contains primary visual cortex

44
Q

What does the Primary visual cortex receive and prosses

A

- receives and processed visual information

45
Q

What is the Temporal lobe involved in, contain x2 and what is processed in each hemisphere

A

- Involved in auditory perception, memory, our ability to identify faces and objects and emotional responses to sensory information and memories

- contains wenickles area (only in left hemisphere) responsible for language comprehension

- contains primary auditory cortex which received and processed auditory information

- verbal words are processed in left hemisphere

- non-verbal music is processed in right hemisphere

46
Q

What does the Primary auditory cortex receive and process and what is Wernicke’s area connected to

A

- primary auditory cortex receives and processes from both ears so that we can perceive and identify different types of sounds

- wernickes area is connected to the brocas area (frontal lobe)

47
Q

What is the Frontal lobe responsible for and contains

A

- Planning
- judgement
- problem-solving
- aspects of personality
- regulation of emotions

- production of fluent and articulate speech (Broca’s area left hemisphere only)

- Contain primary motor cortex

48
Q

What is the Primary motor cortex responsible for and what occupies more of the cortex

A

- responsible for the movement of the skeletal muscles of the body

- areas with more precise movement occupy more of the cortex

psych 1/2 (11 decks)

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