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Biology > Chapters10,11,12 > Flashcards

Chapters10,11,12 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

photosynthetic organisms

A

plants, multi&single cellular protist, bacteria (prokaryotes)

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2
Q

anabolic

A

use energy to construct macromolecules

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3
Q

photosynthesis inputs

A

CO2, light, H2O

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4
Q

photosynthesis outputs

A

sugar and O2

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5
Q

G3P +G3P=

A

glucose

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6
Q

endergonic

A

chemical reaction that stores energy, products have higher energy than reactants

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7
Q

light reactions

A

generates ATP and Nadph in the thylakoid space

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8
Q

calvin cycle

A

generates high energy products (sugar) in the stroma

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9
Q

C4 and CAM plants

A

each have one extra CO2 fixation and one extra calvin cycle due to hot arid climate

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10
Q

mesophyll

A

tissue layer between upper and lower epidermis, main primary photosynthesis tissue

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11
Q

veins

A

deliver water to leaves from roots

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12
Q

stoma

A

pores that allow CO2 to enter and O2 to exit

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13
Q

electron transport chain

A

photo excited electron goes through and the same electron is recycled back to photosystem 1 produces ATP only

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14
Q

how is light energy involved in cell division?

A

you can use the sun to help you grow your cells. You can eat a plant that has gone through photosynthesis and grow people with cell growth

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15
Q

chlorophyll

A

primary pigment in plants

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16
Q

CO2 added to calvin cycle

A

it is added to Rubp through rubisco in phase 1

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17
Q

endosymbiant theory

A

ancient eukaryotic cell engulfs a prokaryotic cell, (that could go through photosynthesis for the chloroplasts or oxidative phosphorylation)

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18
Q

direct communication

A

Gap junction and plasmodesmata, direct movement of signaling molecules dissolved in cytosol

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19
Q

cell- cell recognition

A

direct attachment of membrane bound cell- surfaced organelles

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20
Q

local signaling

A

cells signal nearby cells, paracrine (growth factors), synaptic (neurotransmitters)

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21
Q

long distance signaling

A

lots of info moved a long distance through blood nervous or endocrine systems

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22
Q

transduction

A

change shape and function of proteins, goes from inactive to active state, sending signal of phosphorylation cascades or secondary messenge

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23
Q

transduction ions

A

cyclic amp, calcium ions, ionsitol triphosphate

24
Q

apoptosis

A

programmed cell death, gets rid of damaged or infected cells

25
Q

how to successfully go through apoptosis

A

shut down mitochondria (stop making atp) shit down nucleus (stop making protein) shit down lysosomes so they don’t release acids and effect the rest of the body

26
Q

cyclic amp

A

2nd messenger tells us about energy reserves in our cells

27
Q

response

A

by changing transcription factors, genes are turned on or off

28
Q

G protein coupled receptors

A

receptor and g protein combine GTP with it now that it’s active, has the ability to activate more

29
Q

receptor tyrosine kinases

A

single receptors, need to join to make dimers

30
Q

ligand gated ion channels

A

reception and transport portion of protein (open and close) signaling molecules can be on outside or in on ER, IP3 can act as ligand on one somewhere on the plasma membrane

31
Q

membrane potential

A

sodium potassium pumps are the major electrogenic pumps in animal cells

32
Q

amplification

A

activate 1 of the proteins that may not do their functions, multiple reactions

33
Q

cell division

A

1 parent cell divides to make 2 daughter cells

34
Q

prokaryotes

A

binary fission

35
Q

eukaryotes

A

mitosis and meiosis

36
Q

binary fission

A

chromosome replication begins, one copy is now at each end of the membrane, replication complete, 2 cells result (membrane on each side)

37
Q

eukaryotic cell division

A

cell cycle, duplicated chromosomes are held together by cohesion, cells separate sister chromatids and divide by mitosis

38
Q

cell cycle

A

G1, S, G2, mitosis, cytokinesis

39
Q

G1 and G2

A

growth phases

40
Q

S phase

A

DNA synthesis and replication

41
Q

G1 Checkpoint

A

make sure cell is growing properly

42
Q

G2 Checkpoint

A

make sure DNA has replicated properly

43
Q

mitotic phase

A

cytokinesis, splitting of the cell- make sure chromosomes are linked and attached to mitotic spindles

44
Q

mitotic spindle

A

microtubules elongated with addition of tublin and shorten with removal of tublin , chromosomes are moved to middle of cell by attachment on both sides of microtubules

45
Q

cyclin and cyclin dependent kinases

A

expression level changes the activity, as cyclin increases MPF activity increases

46
Q

m checkpoint

A

make sure chromosomes are attached to mitotic spindle

47
Q

cytokinesis in plant cell

A

cell wall creates the break into 2 cells

48
Q

cytokinesis in animal cells

A

cleaver furrow breaks them into 2 cells

49
Q

prophase

A

DNA forms into chromosomes and mitosis spindle forms to get ready for the remaining steps of mitosis

50
Q

prometaphase

A

the nuclear envelope breaks down and the microtubules from the centrisome attach to sister chromatids

51
Q

Metaphase

A

the sister chromatids line up at the metaphase plate where the line to hire microtubules connect to opposite plates

52
Q

anaphase

A

shortest stage of mitosis where the sister chromatids are pulled apart and the cell elongated

53
Q

telophase

A

two daughter cells are formed chromosomes become less dense and remaining spindle microtubules depolymerize

54
Q

cytokinesis

A

cell splits

55
Q

ionsital triphosphate

A

inactive form bound to membrane DAG, IP3 is broken off when receptors bing to gated protein to release calcium ions

56
Q

CAM plants store stuff in…

A

PEP carboxylase

Biology (7 decks)

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