Chapters10,11,12

Question 1

photosynthetic organisms

Answer 1

plants, multi&single cellular protist, bacteria (prokaryotes)

Question 2

anabolic

Answer 2

use energy to construct macromolecules

Question 3

photosynthesis inputs

Answer 3

CO2, light, H2O

Question 4

photosynthesis outputs

Answer 4

sugar and O2

Question 5

G3P +G3P=

Answer 5

glucose

Question 6

endergonic

Answer 6

chemical reaction that stores energy, products have higher energy than reactants

Question 7

light reactions

Answer 7

generates ATP and Nadph in the thylakoid space

Question 8

calvin cycle

Answer 8

generates high energy products (sugar) in the stroma

Question 9

C4 and CAM plants

Answer 9

each have one extra CO2 fixation and one extra calvin cycle due to hot arid climate

Question 10

mesophyll

Answer 10

tissue layer between upper and lower epidermis, main primary photosynthesis tissue

Question 11

veins

Answer 11

deliver water to leaves from roots

Question 12

stoma

Answer 12

pores that allow CO2 to enter and O2 to exit

Question 13

electron transport chain

Answer 13

photo excited electron goes through and the same electron is recycled back to photosystem 1 produces ATP only

Question 14

how is light energy involved in cell division?

Answer 14

you can use the sun to help you grow your cells. You can eat a plant that has gone through photosynthesis and grow people with cell growth

Question 15

chlorophyll

Answer 15

primary pigment in plants

Question 16

CO2 added to calvin cycle

Answer 16

it is added to Rubp through rubisco in phase 1

Question 17

endosymbiant theory

Answer 17

ancient eukaryotic cell engulfs a prokaryotic cell, (that could go through photosynthesis for the chloroplasts or oxidative phosphorylation)

Question 18

direct communication

Answer 18

Gap junction and plasmodesmata, direct movement of signaling molecules dissolved in cytosol

Question 19

cell- cell recognition

Answer 19

direct attachment of membrane bound cell- surfaced organelles

Question 20

local signaling

Answer 20

cells signal nearby cells, paracrine (growth factors), synaptic (neurotransmitters)

Question 21

long distance signaling

Answer 21

lots of info moved a long distance through blood nervous or endocrine systems

Question 22

transduction

Answer 22

change shape and function of proteins, goes from inactive to active state, sending signal of phosphorylation cascades or secondary messenge

Question 23

transduction ions

Answer 23

cyclic amp, calcium ions, ionsitol triphosphate

Question 24

apoptosis

Answer 24

programmed cell death, gets rid of damaged or infected cells

Question 25

how to successfully go through apoptosis

Answer 25

shut down mitochondria (stop making atp) shit down nucleus (stop making protein) shit down lysosomes so they don't release acids and effect the rest of the body

Question 26

cyclic amp

Answer 26

2nd messenger tells us about energy reserves in our cells

Question 27

response

Answer 27

by changing transcription factors, genes are turned on or off

Question 28

G protein coupled receptors

Answer 28

receptor and g protein combine GTP with it now that it's active, has the ability to activate more

Question 29

receptor tyrosine kinases

Answer 29

single receptors, need to join to make dimers

Question 30

ligand gated ion channels

Answer 30

reception and transport portion of protein (open and close) signaling molecules can be on outside or in on ER, IP3 can act as ligand on one somewhere on the plasma membrane

Question 31

membrane potential

Answer 31

sodium potassium pumps are the major electrogenic pumps in animal cells

Question 32

amplification

Answer 32

activate 1 of the proteins that may not do their functions, multiple reactions

Question 33

cell division

Answer 33

1 parent cell divides to make 2 daughter cells

Question 34

prokaryotes

Answer 34

binary fission

Question 35

eukaryotes

Answer 35

mitosis and meiosis

Question 36

binary fission

Answer 36

chromosome replication begins, one copy is now at each end of the membrane, replication complete, 2 cells result (membrane on each side)

Question 37

eukaryotic cell division

Answer 37

cell cycle, duplicated chromosomes are held together by cohesion, cells separate sister chromatids and divide by mitosis

Question 38

cell cycle

Answer 38

G1, S, G2, mitosis, cytokinesis

Question 39

G1 and G2

Answer 39

growth phases

Question 40

S phase

Answer 40

DNA synthesis and replication

Question 41

G1 Checkpoint

Answer 41

make sure cell is growing properly

Question 42

G2 Checkpoint

Answer 42

make sure DNA has replicated properly

Question 43

mitotic phase

Answer 43

cytokinesis, splitting of the cell- make sure chromosomes are linked and attached to mitotic spindles

Question 44

mitotic spindle

Answer 44

microtubules elongated with addition of tublin and shorten with removal of tublin , chromosomes are moved to middle of cell by attachment on both sides of microtubules

Question 45

cyclin and cyclin dependent kinases

Answer 45

expression level changes the activity, as cyclin increases MPF activity increases

Question 46

m checkpoint

Answer 46

make sure chromosomes are attached to mitotic spindle

Question 47

cytokinesis in plant cell

Answer 47

cell wall creates the break into 2 cells

Question 48

cytokinesis in animal cells

Answer 48

cleaver furrow breaks them into 2 cells

Question 49

prophase

Answer 49

DNA forms into chromosomes and mitosis spindle forms to get ready for the remaining steps of mitosis

Question 50

prometaphase

Answer 50

the nuclear envelope breaks down and the microtubules from the centrisome attach to sister chromatids

Question 51

Metaphase

Answer 51

the sister chromatids line up at the metaphase plate where the line to hire microtubules connect to opposite plates

Question 52

anaphase

Answer 52

shortest stage of mitosis where the sister chromatids are pulled apart and the cell elongated

Question 53

telophase

Answer 53

two daughter cells are formed chromosomes become less dense and remaining spindle microtubules depolymerize

Question 54

cytokinesis

Answer 54

cell splits

Question 55

ionsital triphosphate

Answer 55

inactive form bound to membrane DAG, IP3 is broken off when receptors bing to gated protein to release calcium ions

Question 56

CAM plants store stuff in...

Answer 56

PEP carboxylase