bio final Flashcards
1
Q
an electronegativity difference of 0-0.5 would indicate that the bond is most likely a
A
nonpolar covalent bond
2
Q
an electronegativity difference of .05>1.7 is
A
polar covalent bond
3
Q
an electronegativity difference of <1.7 would indicate that the bond is most likely a
A
ionic bond
4
Q
an partially positive and negative electronegativity would indicate that the bond is most likely a
A
hydrogen bond
5
Q
which statement is true of all atoms that are cations
A
the atom had more protons than electrons
6
Q
which statement is true for all anions
A
the atom has more electrons than protons
7
Q
ion
A
charged molecule
8
Q
the carbon isotope carbon-14 has how many neutrons?
A
14-6=8
9
Q
coefficients
A
even out equations
10
Q
acids
A
ph <7
11
Q
neutral
A
ph=7
12
Q
bases
A
ph >7
13
Q
water works as a solvent because of
A
polarity
14
Q
a mole of table salt and a mole of water are mixed. how many miles of hydrogen are there in the mixture?
A
2
15
Q
avogadro number
A
6.02x10^23, # of elements or molecules in a mole, way to describe a unit
16
Q
a calorie is defined as the amount of energy required for
A
changing 1 gram of water by 1 degree C
17
Q
structural isomer
A
Any of two or more compounds with identical chemical formulas, that differ structurally in the sequence in which the atoms are linked. Structural isomers do not exhibit the same chemical behavior.
18
Q
cis trans isomer
A
sidedness
19
Q
enantiomers
A
mirror image
20
Q
isotopes
A
of neutrons change it
21
Q
what chemical group does not contain an oxygen
A
sulfhydryl
22
Q
polymers of macromolecules are built using a process known as
A
dehydration
23
Q
hydrolysis
A
breaks bonds
24
Q
a carbohydrate polymer with 2 sugars linked together (such as sucrose) is known as a
A
disaccharide
25
the major lipid class that has hydrophobic and hydrophilic properties and is the main structure of cell membrane is known as a
phospholipid
26
amino acids differ from each other due to changes in their
R group (only change to obtain)
27
3 major biologically relevant elements
carbon, nitrogen, oxygen
28
explain what is happening to liquid water between 4 degrees and freezing
particles within the liquid water begin to slow down as they freeze. Liquid water is more dense than once because the particles are always moving
29
central dogma
DNA is transcribed into mRNA, the mRNA is translated into proteins
30
to find grams
molecular weight x concentration x volume
31
increase solvent ability
breaking H bonds of H2O
32
hydrophobic
doesn't come in contact with water
33
hydrophilic
comes in contact with water
34
prokaryotic cells do not contain a
nucleus
35
eukaryotic transcription and translation
in nucleus, then in cytoplasm
36
prokaryotic transcription and translation
all in cytoplasm
37
to secrete protein through the endomembrane system
ER>Golgi>Plasma Membrane
38
cytoskeleton networks are an example of
structural macromolecules
39
which macromolecule class is most likely not part of the fluid mosaic of the plasma membrane
nucleic acids
40
name the types of macromolecules
carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, proteins
41
most plant cells are healthiest with an environmental solution that is
hypotonic
42
a macrophage engulfing a pathogen is an example of
phagocytosis
43
for a sodium/potassium pump there are 3 sodium ions transported for how many potassium ions
2
44
enzymes are used by the cells to
lower free energy of reactions
45
a molecule that binds and blocks the active site directly and cannot be removed from the enzyme would be an example of
irreversible competitive inhibitor
46
the type of metabolic pathway when hydrolysis is used to break bonds between 2 macromolecules and release energy
catabolic
47
create bonds between macromolecules and gain energy
anabolic
48
if an enzyme in solution is saturated with substrate, the most effective way to obtain a faster yield of products is to
add more enzyme
49
if the mitochondria electron transport chain is disrupted by a drug and the cell continues to send pyruvate to the mitochondria, how many ATP would be expected for every glucose catabolized
4
50
what is the major output of the citric acid cycle (Krebs Cycle) for every Acetyl CoA introduced
1 ATP, 1FADH2, and 3NADH
51
why might a yeast cell use fermentation for ATP production instead of use its mitochondria
environmental oxygen is absent
52
why might biologists think if a plant as one giant segmented cell
plasmodesmata
53
plasmodesmata
are microscopic channels which traverse the cell walls of plant cells and some algal cells, enabling transport and communication between them
54
endosymbiant theory of eukaryotic cells
explains how eukaryotic cells may have evolved from prokaryotic cells
55
how might a cell adjust to change the fluidity of the plasma membrane
by cholesterol or temperature. saturated material and cooler temperatures can slow down fluidity and potentially block pathways. higher temperatures and unsaturated materials will speed up the movement through the plasma membrane
56
3 membrane protein functions
transporters, cell-cell recognition, regulation, provide structure
57
environmental impact on enzyme activity
cells have to regulate themselves when climate changes
58
how does feedback inhibition relate to enzyme and metabolism
enzymes that carry out the functions send back signals to regulate metabolism. regulation is important in a cell because enzymes don't have to work as hard if it remains close to regular
59
input of glycolysis
2 glycerol, 2 ATP
60
output of glycolysis
2 pyruvate, 2 ATP, 2 NADH
61
chemiosmosis
The movement of ions across a selectively permeable membrane, down their electrochemical gradient
62
electron transport chain
uses the electrons from electron carriers to create a chemical gradient that can be used to power oxidative phosphorylation
63
anaerobic
does not require oxygen
64
aerobic
requires oxygen
65
each gene on an organisms chromosome exists at a specific
locus
66
allele
one of two or more alternative forms of a gene that arise by mutation and are found at the same place on a chromosome.
67
gamete
a mature haploid male or female germ cell that is able to unite with another of the opposite sex in sexual reproduction to form a zygote.
68
after meiosis 1 and 2 there are
4 haploid cells
69
haploid
having a single set of unpaired chromosomes
70
diploid
contains two complete sets of chromosomes, one from each parent.
71
crossover begins at which phase
prophase 1
72
doesn't contribute to sexual genetic variation
DNA polymerase inefficiency
73
contributes to genetic variation
crossing over, independent assortment, random fertilization
74
human ABO blood types are an example and of which complex genetic relationships
codominance and multiple alleles
75
law of segregation explains which phenotypic ratio set
3:1
76
law of independent assortment explains which phenotypic ratio set
9:3:3:1
77
when analyzing a pedigree for a complete dominant trait, what should you look for in the data
carriers
78
a recombination frequency of 2% would indicate
the genes are linked closely
79
which chromosomal rearrangement results in a loss of information
deletion
80
which offspring set would result in a recombination frequency of 40%
6 parents, 4 recombinants
81
basic structure of a DNA nucleotide consists of
phosphate group, deoxyribose, and nitrogenous base
82
to deal with torsional strain, cells might use an enzyme called
topoisomerase
83
PCR stands for
polymerase chain reaction
84
for a DNA polymerase to initiate activity it requires
both double and single stranded areas
85
output of meiosis
starts with 1 diploid>2 diploid>ends with a total of 4 haploid
86
mitosis
identical offspring, asexual reproduction, 2 daughter cells
87
meiosis
genetically different offspring, sexual reproduction, 4 daughter cells
88
epistasis
gene that completely covers traits of other alleles
89
probability of an offspring to be AABBCC or aabbcc from AaBBCc x AaBbCC
1/4 x 1/2 x 1/2= 1/16
90
x inactivation
Barr Body (inactive X chromosome) one x is inactivated in females because they have 2 x's. In males if a trait is on the C it is expressed because they have a y
91
5' and 3' ends of a nucleotide
5'=phosphate end, 3'=sugar end; everything is built from 5'>3'
92
lagging goes out
5'>3'
93
leading goes towards
3'>5'
94
what type of organisms can undergo photosynthesis
eukaryotes and prokaryotes
95
most plant leaves are green because
green light is reflected
96
which photosystem is coupled with electron transport in order to produce NADPH
1
97
the enzyme RuBisco is used to fix carbon during the
Calvin cycle
98
how is photosynthesis adapted in C4/CAM plants
addition of another carbon fixation step
99
molecules used as signals in cell communication are known as
ligands
100
during transduction a signal may be amplified because
activated enzymes may go through multiple reactions
101
transcription factors activated during cell communication events directly affect
gene expression
102
apoptosis is involved in which of the following
organismal development
103
plant cells can transmit cell signals from one cell to another in direct contact with each other via
plasmodesmata
104
a prokaryotic cell will most likely divide through a process known as
binary fission
105
which of the following does not occur during mitosis
replication of the DNA
106
the correct order to mitosis is
prophase>prometaphase>metaphase>anaphase>telophase
107
during cytokinesis, mammalian daughter cells will divide using a
cleavage furrow
108
one difference between cancer cells and normal cells is that cancer cells
continue to divide even when they are tightly packed together
109
compare mitochondria to chloroplasts
similar due to their shapes, their shapes increase their surface area so they can hold more protein
110
3 phases of the calvin cycle
carbon fixation, reduction, regeneration
111
carbon fixation
CO2 is added to Rubp through rubisco
112
reduction
NADPH is reduced and sugar is released
113
regeneration
Rubp is regenerated
114
calvin cycle can continue until it's out of...
ATP and NADPH
115
light reaction and calvin cycle linked
products from light reactions go into the calvin cycle.
116
calvin cycle produces
NADP and ADP
117
light reaction produces
ATP and NADPH
118
Receptor Tyrosine Kinase (RTK)
function by coming together to form dimers. They are receptor
119
apoptosis
programmed cell death
120
biofilms
protect cells from outside infections. they prevent foreign materials from attacking cells
121
cell division in plants
mitotic spindles attach to the cell membrane and separated by the formation of a cell plate
122
cell division in animals
mitotic spindles attach to the centrisome and cells separation by the cleavage furrow
123
generally promoters are found
upstream the ATG
124
for a mature piece of mRNA to be complete
introns are removed
125
what enzyme is responsible for the elongation step in transcription
RNA polymerase
126
in molecular/cellular biology, translation refers to the
codon deciphering by ribosomes in protein production
127
transcriptional regulation might occur when
DNA is packaged
128
translation regulation might occur when
ribosomes are inhibited
129
operons are typically found in
prokaryotes
130
alternative splicing will give rise to
proteins made from different exon sequences
131
generally a virus is approximately less than
1 micrometer
132
prions typically composed of which macromolecule
protein
133
after attachment, bacteriophages must penetrate what cellular structure
cell wall
134
typically how might a virus genome cause cancer
codes for oncogene activators
135
during the denaturing step of PCR
DNA is heated to break hydrogen bonds
136
restriction enzymes
cut nucleic acids
137
sequencing reactions will require
1 primer
138
components of a mature piece of eukaryotic mRNA
introns will be spliced out, exons will be present to code for amino acids, contain translation factors
139
TATA box
Transcription factor that regulates transcription on operon
140
function of reverse transcription
to turn mRNA into cDNA
141
common components of PCR and sequencing reactions
primers (1 in seq, 2 in PCR), creating complementary strands from template strands
142
what does it mean for a restriction enzyme DNA sequence to be known as palindromic
recognizing a palandromic sequence inables restriction enzymes to cut both strands of DNA at the same place because the strand will have the same sequence in different directions
143
what happens when liquid water goes to freezing
particles within the liquid water begin to slow down as they freeze. liquid water is more dense than ice because particles are always moving
144
structural isomer
same formula, different structure
145
3 pyrimidines of DNA and RNA
cytosine, thymine, uracil
146
purines
adenine and guanine
147
plasmodesmata
microscopic channels which traverse the cell walls of plant cells and some algal cells, enabling transport and communication between them
148
endosymbiant theory of eukaryotic cells
eukaryotic cells came from prokaryotic organisms
149
how might the cell adjust the fluidity of the plasma membrane
by cholesterol or temperature. saturated material and cooler temperatures can slow down fluidity and potentially block pathways, higher temperatures and unsaturated materials will speed up movement
150
3 membrane protein functions
transporters, cell-cell recognition, provide structure
151
feedback inhibition
enzymes send back signals to regulate metabolism
152
input of glycolysis
2Glycerol, 2ATP
153
output of gycolosis
2 private, 2ATP, 2NADH
154
chemiosmosis
movement of ions across a semipermeable membrane, down their electrochemical gradient
155
electron transport chain
a series of complexes that transfer electrons from electron donors to electron acceptors via redox reactions, and couples this electron transfer with the transfer of protons (H+ ions) across a membrane.
156
receptor tyrosine kinase
come together to form dimers
157
apoptosis
programmed cell death. occurs within cells that are infected or damaged. successful when the nucleus, mitochondria and lysosomes are attacked
158
biofilms
protect cells from outside infections, prevent foreign materials from attacking cells
159
epistasis
gene that completely masks traits of other alleles
