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Biology > chapters 6-9 > Flashcards

chapters 6-9 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

light microscopy

A

used to detect small objects, most well used tool in research

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2
Q

electron microscopy

A

scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy

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3
Q

prokaryotic

A

domain bacteria, domain archaea

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4
Q

eukaryotic

A

protist (multiple kingdoms), kingdom plantae, kingdom fungi, kingdom animilia

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5
Q

prokaryotic characteristic

A

no nucleus, single circular strand of DNA, no membrane bound organelles

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6
Q

both pro/eukaryotic characteristics

A

cytoplasm, plasma membrane, chromosomes (carry genes), ribosomes (make proteins

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7
Q

eukaryotic

A

have nucleus, multi strand DNA, Bigger, phospholipids make membrane, organelles wrapped in membrane

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8
Q

surface to volume ratio

A

as the cell gets bigger, the surface area to volume ratio gets smaller, if a cell gets to big, not enough material will be able to pass through the membrane

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9
Q

amino acid r groups

A

r groups changes the chemical properties of each amino acid, 20 different R groups - amino acid

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10
Q

phospholipids are made up of…

A

phosphate group, glycerol, hydrophilic head, hydrophobic tails

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11
Q

fluid mosaic model

A

proteins move laterally within the membrane, made up of phospholipids, protein, glycoliids, glycoproteins, lipoproteins, cholesterol

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12
Q

central dogma

A

dna is transcribed into mRNA, then mRNA is translated into proteins

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13
Q

transcription occurs in the…

A

nucleus

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14
Q

translation occurs in the…

A

cytoplasm

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15
Q

ribosomes

A

make proteins

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16
Q

endomembrane system

A

rRNA exits through the nuclear envelope to the rough ER, if needed it continues to the smooth ER, if not goes to golgi apparatus (cis>trans), then lysosomes to be broken down again or stored

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17
Q

smooth endoplasm recticlum

A

no ribosomes, lipid synthesis, detoxification of drugs and alc, storage of calcium ions, released during muscle cell contractions

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18
Q

rough endoplasmic reticulum

A

studded with ribosomes, distributes proteins, make more membrane ER enzymes, distribute to other portions of system, protein modif, folding and add sugar molecules

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19
Q

protein secretion

A

ribosomes, to polypeptide, glycoproteins, transport vesicles bud off, into a sugar chain

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20
Q

golgi apparatus

A

additional modification of protein synthesized in the Er, receiving side: cis-golgi, shipping side: trans-golgi

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21
Q

lysosomes

A

acidic membranous sac of digestive enzymes “breakdown body”, enzymes synthesized in ER and modified in golgi

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22
Q

phagocytosis

A

cell engulfs a solid particle

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23
Q

autophagy

A

lysosomes breaking down damaged organelle

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24
Q

vacuoles

A

largest vesicles derived from ER or golgi

food vacuoles, contractile vacuole, storage of organic molecules

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25
Q

peroxisome

A

bound by a single membrane, not part of endomembrane system

Function: contains enzymes that detoxify peroxide to H2O, metabolize fatty acids

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26
Q

metabolic pathway

A

a series of chemical reactions that either builds or breaks down complex molecules

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27
Q

anabolic

A

used energy to construct macromolecules

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28
Q

catabolic

A

break down of organic matter to harvest energy

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29
Q

metabolism path

A

starts as theronine in active site, end product is isoleucine

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30
Q

mitochondria

A

catabolic metabolism, breakdown sugars and macromolecules to yield HTP

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31
Q

chloroplasts

A

anabolic metabolism, generate sugar from light energy

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32
Q

endosymbiant theory

A

explains how eukaryotic cells may have evolved from prokaryotic cells. Symbiosis is a close relationship between two different organisms. … Later, a host cell engulfed a prokaryotic cell capable of photosynthesis. This is where the chloroplast and other plastids originated.

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33
Q

cytoskeleton

A

protein fibers that extend throughout the cytoplasm, provide structural support and cell morality

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34
Q

what makes up cytoskeleton

A

microfilaments, intermediate filaments, microtubules

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35
Q

microfilaments

A

composed of actin monomers, thinnest of cytoskeleton fibers, arranged in 3D network just inside cell membrane, provides structure for sells that lack cell wall. interact with myosin to create contraction in muscle cells and amoeboid movement in cells

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36
Q

intermediate filament

A

composed of various fibrous proteins supercoil into cable like structures, permanent structures, reinforce shape, support anchors organelles

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37
Q

microtubules

A

composed of tubulin dimers, thickest of cytoskeletal fibers, provide track for intracellular transport, guide movement of chromosomes during cellular div., composed of cilia and flagella

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38
Q

cilia

A

short appendages, typically many per cell, found in protist and multicellular organisms

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39
Q

flagellum

A

long appendages, typically 1 per cell, found in protist, plants, and multicellular organisms

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40
Q

tight junction (animal tissues)

A

cell membranes tightly knit together by proteins

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41
Q

anchoring junction (animal tissues)

A

connection btw cells composed of keratin intermediate filaments

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42
Q

gap junction (animal tissues)

A

channels that allow molecules to pass btw cells, comm. and coordination

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43
Q

plant cell walls

A

composed of fibers of cellulose embedded in a matrix of other polysaccharides and protein

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44
Q

plasmodesmata

A

channels btw adjacent plant cells, allow molecules to pass btw cells, share H2O, nourishment and chemical messages

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45
Q

phospholipid

A

membranes form spontaneously from phospholipids, made up of phosphate group, glycerol, hydrophilic head, hydrophobic tail, macromolecule polarity influences function (phospholipid, amino acids)

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46
Q

frye and edidin expirament

A

membrane proteins (mice cell&human cell) come together into a hybrid cell after 1 hour

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47
Q

cholesterol, unsaturated vs saturated carbon tails

A

unsaturated tails prevent packing (fluid) saturated tails pack together (viscous)

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48
Q

cholesterol within animal cell membrane

A

cholesterol reduces membrane fluidity at moderate temps, but at low temps hinders solidification

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49
Q

major functions of membrane proteins

A

transport, enzymatic activity, signal transduction, cell- cell recognition, intercellular joining, attachment to cytoskeleton and extra cellular matrix

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50
Q

human immunodeficiency virus

A

signal transduction protein in order to infect someone must bind to 2 receptors (CD4, CCR5) if there’s not both, won’t be infected

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51
Q

fibers of extracellular matrix

A

attachment to cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix

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52
Q

signaling molecules and receptors

A

signal transduction

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53
Q

microfilaments to cytoskeleton

A

actin, intermediate, microtubules; cell shape

54
Q

glycoproteins

A

sugar proteins

55
Q

cholesterol

A

stabalizw the membrane from being too fluid (moderate and high temps) from being solidified (low temps)

56
Q

phospholipid

A

make up cell membrane

57
Q

cytoplasm

A

fluid inside the cell

58
Q

diffusion

A

tendency for particles of any kind to spread out evenly in available space

59
Q

molecules move from….

A

areas of higher concentrations to lower concentrations

60
Q

passive transport

A

movement of molecules by diffusion, NO ENERGY REQUIRED

61
Q

osmosis

A

movement of water by diffusion, REQUIRES NO ENERGY, water moves from areas of lower solute concentrations to higher

62
Q

selective permeability

A

membranes allow certain molecules to cross the membrane more easily than others, nonpolar (hydrophobic) cross the membrane easier than polar (hydrophilic) molecules

63
Q

specificity

A

transport proteins are specific for the solute they transport

64
Q

aquaporin

A

water channel allows polar water molecules to cross membrane, osmosis

65
Q

facilitated diffusion

A

movement of molecules across membranes with the help of transport proteins

66
Q

osmoregulation

A

control of water balance, prevents excessive uptake/loss of water, accomplished by maintaining solute concentrations in and out of the cell

67
Q

plasmolysis

A

plasma membrane shrinks away from the cell wall in hypertonic solution

68
Q

active transport

A

use of energy, atp, to move molecules across membranes

69
Q

membrane potential

A

sodium-potassium pumps are the major electrogenic pumps in animal cells, generate voltage across plant, fungus, and bacteria membrane

70
Q

cotransport

A

active transport driven by concentration gradient

71
Q

plants cotransport

A

sugar molecules are pumped against conc. gradient by pairing with proton movement down a concentration gradient

72
Q

animal cotransport

A

sodium glucose cotransporters in the intestine pump glucose against concentration gradient by pairing with NA down a concentration gradient

73
Q

excytosis

A

movement of large molecules out of a cell, proteins and polysaccharides

74
Q

endocytosis

A

movement of large molecules into the call, phagocytosis (food), pinocytosis (liquids) receptor mediated endocytosis (solutes)

75
Q

vesicle

A

a small sac made of membrane

76
Q

phagocytosis

A

movement of particles into cell, particles surrounded by membrane ext

77
Q

pseudopodium

A

only found in specialized cells, phagocytes and amoeba

78
Q

phagosomal lysosome function

A

acidic membranous dad of digestive enzymes break down body, enzymes synthesized in ER, modified in golgi

79
Q

good vacuole =

A

phagosome

80
Q

pinocytosis

A

“cell drinking”, uptake fluid phase solutions, dimples expand inward and pinch off to form vesicles, non specific

81
Q

receptor mediated endocytosis

A

highly selective for solute, membrane bound receptor proteins line a pit, pits expand inward and pinch off to form a vesicle

82
Q

aquapor in protein

A

act as channel proteins to regulate water inside and outside of the cell, since most of the membrane is hydrophobic tails, water can’t pass through them so we need these proteins to get them through the membrane

83
Q

energy

A

the capacity to cause change or perform work

84
Q

kinetic energy

A

energy of motion, heat thermal energy, random movement of molecules

85
Q

potential energy

A

energy passed by virtue of location or structure, chemical energy- potential energy available for release in chemical reactions

86
Q

thermodynamics

A

the study of transformations that occur in collection of matter

87
Q

1st law of thermodynamics

A

law of energy conservation, energy can neither be created nor destroyed but it can change form

88
Q

2nd law of thermodynamics

A

every energy transfer or transformation increases the entropy (disorder of the universe, most energy is eventually given off as heat

89
Q

exergonic

A

chemical reaction that releases energy, reactants have higher energy than products

90
Q

endergonic

A

chemical reaction that stored energy, products have higher energy than reactants

91
Q

ATP

A

Adenosine Triphosphate, molecule that transports energy in the cell, power most forms of cellular work

92
Q

phosphorylation

A

transferring a high energy phosphate group from atp to another molecule of protein

93
Q

energy from catabolism

A

energy releasing

94
Q

energy for cell work

A

energy consuming

95
Q

ATP regeneration

A

catabolic reactions (like cellular respiration) provide energy needed to regenerate ATP in the cell

96
Q

metabolic pathway

A

a series of chemical reactions that either builds or breaks down complex molecules

97
Q

anabolic

A

uses energy to construct macromolecules

98
Q

catabolic

A

break down of organic matter to harvest energy

99
Q

activation energy

A

energy barrier that must be overcome before a chemical reaction can begin, prevents cell from spontaneously breaking down

100
Q

substrate

A

the reactant that an enzyme acts on

101
Q

active site

A

location where the substrate interacts w the enzyme, often a pocket or groove

102
Q

induced fit

A

changes in enzymes or substrate shape, adjust the active site into a position to catalyze the reaction

103
Q

competitive inhibitor

A

reduces enzyme activity by directly blocking substrates from entering the active sign

104
Q

non competitive inhibitors

A

reduces enzyme activity by binding the protein away from the active site, change of enzyme shape

105
Q

activators in metabolic pathway

A

increase enzyme activity

106
Q

inhibitors in metabolic pathway

A

decrease enzyme activity

107
Q

glyphosate

A

broad spectrum herbicide, marketed by round up, developed by Monsanto

108
Q

photosynthesis =

A

anabolic

109
Q

cellular respiration =

A

catabolic

110
Q

photosynthesis takes place in…

A

chloroplasts

111
Q

cellular respiration takes place in…

A

mitochondria

112
Q

ATP…

A

powers most cellular work

113
Q

redox reaction

A

energy harvest through electron transfer

114
Q

electron carriers

A

serve as temporary electron storage molecules, function as donors and receptors, capable of moving electrons btw metabolic pathway

115
Q

NAD

A

nicotine mode adenine dinucleotide

116
Q

FAD

A

flavin adenine dinuclide

117
Q

cristae

A

folds of the inner mitochondrial membrane

118
Q

matrix

A

space bound by the inner membrane

119
Q

intermembrane space

A

space between the inner and outer membrane

120
Q

energy transport chain/ staircase

A

each time an electron falls, energy is released, energy is used to transport H+ against its concentration gradient NOT DIRECT ATP GENERATION

121
Q

chemiosis

A

hydrogen that are now outside the mitochondria inner membrane bc of the ETC in chemiosis are now going to come back in the mitochondria inner membrane via ATP synthesis (enzyme) by allowing hydrogen to come back in the mitochondria ATP will be formed

122
Q

eukaryotic cells

A

oxidative phosphorylation occurs in the inner membrane space of the mitochondria

123
Q

prokaryotic cells

A

occurs in periplasmic space btw cell wall and plasma membrane

124
Q

non shivering thermogenesis

A

mitochondrial protein called CCP -1 or thermogenin, proteins allow H+ ions to pass back into matrix w/o producing ATP, found in fat tissue and rich in mitochondria, in infants and hybernating animals

125
Q

aerobic

A

the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain is molecular oxygen

126
Q

anaerobic

A

the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain is not O2

127
Q

alcohol fermentation

A

input: 1 glucose, 2 ATP
output: 2 ATP, 2 ethanol, NADH

128
Q

Lactic Acid Fermentation

A

input: 1 glucose, 2 ATP
output: 2 ATP, 2 lactate, NADH

129
Q

energy balance

A

if intake is greater than demand then energy is stored as fat, 3500kcal=1 pound of fat, if demand is greater than intake, stored fat is used as energy

130
Q

feedback inhibition

A

phenomenon where the output of a process is used as an input to control the behavior of the process itself, often limiting the production of more products

Biology (7 decks)

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