chapters 6-9 Flashcards
1
Q
light microscopy
A
used to detect small objects, most well used tool in research
2
Q
electron microscopy
A
scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy
3
Q
prokaryotic
A
domain bacteria, domain archaea
4
Q
eukaryotic
A
protist (multiple kingdoms), kingdom plantae, kingdom fungi, kingdom animilia
5
Q
prokaryotic characteristic
A
no nucleus, single circular strand of DNA, no membrane bound organelles
6
Q
both pro/eukaryotic characteristics
A
cytoplasm, plasma membrane, chromosomes (carry genes), ribosomes (make proteins
7
Q
eukaryotic
A
have nucleus, multi strand DNA, Bigger, phospholipids make membrane, organelles wrapped in membrane
8
Q
surface to volume ratio
A
as the cell gets bigger, the surface area to volume ratio gets smaller, if a cell gets to big, not enough material will be able to pass through the membrane
9
Q
amino acid r groups
A
r groups changes the chemical properties of each amino acid, 20 different R groups - amino acid
10
Q
phospholipids are made up of…
A
phosphate group, glycerol, hydrophilic head, hydrophobic tails
11
Q
fluid mosaic model
A
proteins move laterally within the membrane, made up of phospholipids, protein, glycoliids, glycoproteins, lipoproteins, cholesterol
12
Q
central dogma
A
dna is transcribed into mRNA, then mRNA is translated into proteins
13
Q
transcription occurs in the…
A
nucleus
14
Q
translation occurs in the…
A
cytoplasm
15
Q
ribosomes
A
make proteins
16
Q
endomembrane system
A
rRNA exits through the nuclear envelope to the rough ER, if needed it continues to the smooth ER, if not goes to golgi apparatus (cis>trans), then lysosomes to be broken down again or stored
17
Q
smooth endoplasm recticlum
A
no ribosomes, lipid synthesis, detoxification of drugs and alc, storage of calcium ions, released during muscle cell contractions
18
Q
rough endoplasmic reticulum
A
studded with ribosomes, distributes proteins, make more membrane ER enzymes, distribute to other portions of system, protein modif, folding and add sugar molecules
19
Q
protein secretion
A
ribosomes, to polypeptide, glycoproteins, transport vesicles bud off, into a sugar chain
20
Q
golgi apparatus
A
additional modification of protein synthesized in the Er, receiving side: cis-golgi, shipping side: trans-golgi
21
Q
lysosomes
A
acidic membranous sac of digestive enzymes “breakdown body”, enzymes synthesized in ER and modified in golgi
22
Q
phagocytosis
A
cell engulfs a solid particle
23
Q
autophagy
A
lysosomes breaking down damaged organelle
24
Q
vacuoles
A
largest vesicles derived from ER or golgi
food vacuoles, contractile vacuole, storage of organic molecules
25
peroxisome
bound by a single membrane, not part of endomembrane system
| Function: contains enzymes that detoxify peroxide to H2O, metabolize fatty acids
26
metabolic pathway
a series of chemical reactions that either builds or breaks down complex molecules
27
anabolic
used energy to construct macromolecules
28
catabolic
break down of organic matter to harvest energy
29
metabolism path
starts as theronine in active site, end product is isoleucine
30
mitochondria
catabolic metabolism, breakdown sugars and macromolecules to yield HTP
31
chloroplasts
anabolic metabolism, generate sugar from light energy
32
endosymbiant theory
explains how eukaryotic cells may have evolved from prokaryotic cells. Symbiosis is a close relationship between two different organisms. ... Later, a host cell engulfed a prokaryotic cell capable of photosynthesis. This is where the chloroplast and other plastids originated.
33
cytoskeleton
protein fibers that extend throughout the cytoplasm, provide structural support and cell morality
34
what makes up cytoskeleton
microfilaments, intermediate filaments, microtubules
35
microfilaments
composed of actin monomers, thinnest of cytoskeleton fibers, arranged in 3D network just inside cell membrane, provides structure for sells that lack cell wall. interact with myosin to create contraction in muscle cells and amoeboid movement in cells
36
intermediate filament
composed of various fibrous proteins supercoil into cable like structures, permanent structures, reinforce shape, support anchors organelles
37
microtubules
composed of tubulin dimers, thickest of cytoskeletal fibers, provide track for intracellular transport, guide movement of chromosomes during cellular div., composed of cilia and flagella
38
cilia
short appendages, typically many per cell, found in protist and multicellular organisms
39
flagellum
long appendages, typically 1 per cell, found in protist, plants, and multicellular organisms
40
tight junction (animal tissues)
cell membranes tightly knit together by proteins
41
anchoring junction (animal tissues)
connection btw cells composed of keratin intermediate filaments
42
gap junction (animal tissues)
channels that allow molecules to pass btw cells, comm. and coordination
43
plant cell walls
composed of fibers of cellulose embedded in a matrix of other polysaccharides and protein
44
plasmodesmata
channels btw adjacent plant cells, allow molecules to pass btw cells, share H2O, nourishment and chemical messages
45
phospholipid
membranes form spontaneously from phospholipids, made up of phosphate group, glycerol, hydrophilic head, hydrophobic tail, macromolecule polarity influences function (phospholipid, amino acids)
46
frye and edidin expirament
membrane proteins (mice cell&human cell) come together into a hybrid cell after 1 hour
47
cholesterol, unsaturated vs saturated carbon tails
unsaturated tails prevent packing (fluid) saturated tails pack together (viscous)
48
cholesterol within animal cell membrane
cholesterol reduces membrane fluidity at moderate temps, but at low temps hinders solidification
49
major functions of membrane proteins
transport, enzymatic activity, signal transduction, cell- cell recognition, intercellular joining, attachment to cytoskeleton and extra cellular matrix
50
human immunodeficiency virus
signal transduction protein in order to infect someone must bind to 2 receptors (CD4, CCR5) if there's not both, won't be infected
51
fibers of extracellular matrix
attachment to cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix
52
signaling molecules and receptors
signal transduction
53
microfilaments to cytoskeleton
actin, intermediate, microtubules; cell shape
54
glycoproteins
sugar proteins
55
cholesterol
stabalizw the membrane from being too fluid (moderate and high temps) from being solidified (low temps)
56
phospholipid
make up cell membrane
57
cytoplasm
fluid inside the cell
58
diffusion
tendency for particles of any kind to spread out evenly in available space
59
molecules move from....
areas of higher concentrations to lower concentrations
60
passive transport
movement of molecules by diffusion, NO ENERGY REQUIRED
61
osmosis
movement of water by diffusion, REQUIRES NO ENERGY, water moves from areas of lower solute concentrations to higher
62
selective permeability
membranes allow certain molecules to cross the membrane more easily than others, nonpolar (hydrophobic) cross the membrane easier than polar (hydrophilic) molecules
63
specificity
transport proteins are specific for the solute they transport
64
aquaporin
water channel allows polar water molecules to cross membrane, osmosis
65
facilitated diffusion
movement of molecules across membranes with the help of transport proteins
66
osmoregulation
control of water balance, prevents excessive uptake/loss of water, accomplished by maintaining solute concentrations in and out of the cell
67
plasmolysis
plasma membrane shrinks away from the cell wall in hypertonic solution
68
active transport
use of energy, atp, to move molecules across membranes
69
membrane potential
sodium-potassium pumps are the major electrogenic pumps in animal cells, generate voltage across plant, fungus, and bacteria membrane
70
cotransport
active transport driven by concentration gradient
71
plants cotransport
sugar molecules are pumped against conc. gradient by pairing with proton movement down a concentration gradient
72
animal cotransport
sodium glucose cotransporters in the intestine pump glucose against concentration gradient by pairing with NA down a concentration gradient
73
excytosis
movement of large molecules out of a cell, proteins and polysaccharides
74
endocytosis
movement of large molecules into the call, phagocytosis (food), pinocytosis (liquids) receptor mediated endocytosis (solutes)
75
vesicle
a small sac made of membrane
76
phagocytosis
movement of particles into cell, particles surrounded by membrane ext
77
pseudopodium
only found in specialized cells, phagocytes and amoeba
78
phagosomal lysosome function
acidic membranous dad of digestive enzymes break down body, enzymes synthesized in ER, modified in golgi
79
good vacuole =
phagosome
80
pinocytosis
"cell drinking", uptake fluid phase solutions, dimples expand inward and pinch off to form vesicles, non specific
81
receptor mediated endocytosis
highly selective for solute, membrane bound receptor proteins line a pit, pits expand inward and pinch off to form a vesicle
82
aquapor in protein
act as channel proteins to regulate water inside and outside of the cell, since most of the membrane is hydrophobic tails, water can't pass through them so we need these proteins to get them through the membrane
83
energy
the capacity to cause change or perform work
84
kinetic energy
energy of motion, heat thermal energy, random movement of molecules
85
potential energy
energy passed by virtue of location or structure, chemical energy- potential energy available for release in chemical reactions
86
thermodynamics
the study of transformations that occur in collection of matter
87
1st law of thermodynamics
law of energy conservation, energy can neither be created nor destroyed but it can change form
88
2nd law of thermodynamics
every energy transfer or transformation increases the entropy (disorder of the universe, most energy is eventually given off as heat
89
exergonic
chemical reaction that releases energy, reactants have higher energy than products
90
endergonic
chemical reaction that stored energy, products have higher energy than reactants
91
ATP
Adenosine Triphosphate, molecule that transports energy in the cell, power most forms of cellular work
92
phosphorylation
transferring a high energy phosphate group from atp to another molecule of protein
93
energy from catabolism
energy releasing
94
energy for cell work
energy consuming
95
ATP regeneration
catabolic reactions (like cellular respiration) provide energy needed to regenerate ATP in the cell
96
metabolic pathway
a series of chemical reactions that either builds or breaks down complex molecules
97
anabolic
uses energy to construct macromolecules
98
catabolic
break down of organic matter to harvest energy
99
activation energy
energy barrier that must be overcome before a chemical reaction can begin, prevents cell from spontaneously breaking down
100
substrate
the reactant that an enzyme acts on
101
active site
location where the substrate interacts w the enzyme, often a pocket or groove
102
induced fit
changes in enzymes or substrate shape, adjust the active site into a position to catalyze the reaction
103
competitive inhibitor
reduces enzyme activity by directly blocking substrates from entering the active sign
104
non competitive inhibitors
reduces enzyme activity by binding the protein away from the active site, change of enzyme shape
105
activators in metabolic pathway
increase enzyme activity
106
inhibitors in metabolic pathway
decrease enzyme activity
107
glyphosate
broad spectrum herbicide, marketed by round up, developed by Monsanto
108
photosynthesis =
anabolic
109
cellular respiration =
catabolic
110
photosynthesis takes place in...
chloroplasts
111
cellular respiration takes place in...
mitochondria
112
ATP...
powers most cellular work
113
redox reaction
energy harvest through electron transfer
114
electron carriers
serve as temporary electron storage molecules, function as donors and receptors, capable of moving electrons btw metabolic pathway
115
NAD
nicotine mode adenine dinucleotide
116
FAD
flavin adenine dinuclide
117
cristae
folds of the inner mitochondrial membrane
118
matrix
space bound by the inner membrane
119
intermembrane space
space between the inner and outer membrane
120
energy transport chain/ staircase
each time an electron falls, energy is released, energy is used to transport H+ against its concentration gradient NOT DIRECT ATP GENERATION
121
chemiosis
hydrogen that are now outside the mitochondria inner membrane bc of the ETC in chemiosis are now going to come back in the mitochondria inner membrane via ATP synthesis (enzyme) by allowing hydrogen to come back in the mitochondria ATP will be formed
122
eukaryotic cells
oxidative phosphorylation occurs in the inner membrane space of the mitochondria
123
prokaryotic cells
occurs in periplasmic space btw cell wall and plasma membrane
124
non shivering thermogenesis
mitochondrial protein called CCP -1 or thermogenin, proteins allow H+ ions to pass back into matrix w/o producing ATP, found in fat tissue and rich in mitochondria, in infants and hybernating animals
125
aerobic
the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain is molecular oxygen
126
anaerobic
the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain is not O2
127
alcohol fermentation
input: 1 glucose, 2 ATP
output: 2 ATP, 2 ethanol, NADH
128
Lactic Acid Fermentation
input: 1 glucose, 2 ATP
output: 2 ATP, 2 lactate, NADH
129
energy balance
if intake is greater than demand then energy is stored as fat, 3500kcal=1 pound of fat, if demand is greater than intake, stored fat is used as energy
130
feedback inhibition
phenomenon where the output of a process is used as an input to control the behavior of the process itself, often limiting the production of more products
