Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology > chapter 14 > Flashcards

chapter 14 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

meiosis

A

results in 4 haploid cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

1st step in meiosis

A

synthesize DNA, you are making a copy in a 4n state; you are only copying it once

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

2nd step of meiosis:

A

meiosis I, that is going to give us 2 cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

prophase I

A

you are going to create sister chromatids still in a 4n state, you’re also going to have crossing over begin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

metaphase I

A

the chromatids and sister chromatids are going to line up next to each other horizontal, the centromere is where they are going to have the connection to spindle fibers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

anaphase I

A

the spindles are pulling apart the 2 different chromosomes from each other (2 sister chromatids are going one way, and the others the opposite)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

telophase l

A

cleavage furrow occurs and our chromosomes are going to be separate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

meiosis l vs ll

A

meiosis l starts w/ one diploid cell, ends w two identical diploid cells (somatic), meiosis ll starts w one diploid cell, ends w four different haploid cells (gametes)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

male gametes

A

have to produce flagellum; specialized mitochondria structure changes and becomes a fuel generating for the flagellum) changing the cellular structure after meiosis happens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

female gametes

A

one of the 4 are going to have majority of the cytoplasm (polar bodies and egg/ovum) during meiosis you have asymmmetrical division

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

asymmetrical division

A

giving more resources to one cell than the other, clevage furrow didn’t occur in the middle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

pleocytosis

A

abnormal raise in cell count (such as WBC)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

down syndrome

A

caused by trisomy 21, happens when there are 3 chromosomes in your 21st pair, results of nondisjunction (1 homologous pair doesn’t separate)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

dihybrid cross

A

2 traits on 2 separate chromosomes (9:3:3:1 phenotype)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

monohybrid

A

2 heterozygote, 3:1 phenotype, 1:2:1 genotype

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

AaBB x AaBB

A

3:1 phenotype, 1:2:1 genotype

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

epistasis

A

interaction between nonallelic genes at 2 or more loci resulting in one gene masking the phenotype expression of another gene

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

human somatic cells are

A

diploid (2 sets of chromosomes, 1 from each parent, each homologous pair contains the same genes in the same loci (location)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

gametes are

A

haploid (ovaries/ testes > meiosis > haploid gametes (n=23) > fertilization > diploid zygote (2n=46) > mitosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

crossing over

A

(during prophase I) results in the recombination of genes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

pedigrees

A

used to deduce the possible genotype of individuals and predict future offspring (probability)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

mendel and peas

A

input: traits combined
output: mendels laws

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

complete dominance

A

heterozygous condition is disregarded as the dominant completely masks the recessive allele

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

codominance

A

the gene pair in a heterozygote are fully expressed resulting in a phenotype that is neither dominant or recessive (spotted)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

incomplete dominance

A

heterozygote condition in which both alleles of a gene are expressed (mix)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

pleitrophy

A

one gene affects multiple phenotype characters

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

multiplication rule

A

states that the probability that 2 or more independent events will occur together is the product of the individual probabilities (and)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

addition rule

A

states that the probability that any 1 of 2 more exclusive events will occur is calculated by adding together their individual probability (or)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

lethal allele combos are

A

if any allele combination is lethal, it is not seen in the genotypes of the offspring

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

epistatic

A

gene doing masking

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

hypostatic

A

gene being masked

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

polygenic traits

A

multiple genes work together to control phenotypes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

sex linked traits

A

few genes on Y linked traits involved in more fertility, genes on X chromosome, same as other chromosomes for female, dominant in males (colorblind, hemophilia)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

how are multiple alleles different from polygenic traits?

A

a single gene can have multiple alleles and polygenic traits refers to a single trait which is controlled by multiple genes (each with multiple alleles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

chromosome variation

A

alleles are found on homologous chromosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

law of segregation

A

states that genes have alternative forms of alleles. in a diploid 2 alleles of a gene separate during meiosis and gamete formation; every organism inherits 1 allele from each parent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

law of independent assortment

A

states that the pair of alleles for a given gene segregates into gametes independently of the pair of alleles for any other genes, in a cross between dihybrids the offspring have 4 phenotypes (9:3:31)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

XX and XY chromosomes

A

males are heterogamic sex, females are the homogamic sex (male determines the sex of the offspring), sex chromosomes line up together during meiosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

linked genes

A

located close on the same chromosome and usually staying together during recombination and crossing over, usually inherited together

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

unlinked genes

A

follow mendals law of independent assortment inheritance of 1 doesn’t depend on the other, far apart on the same

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

recombination of crossing over

A

frequency of recombination between 2 genes is proportional to distance, % recombiants are used to calculate map distance

42
Q

linkage maps

A

recombination =map distance in antiMorgans, give location of genes in linkage groups (group of linked genes), linkage group (if enough genes are included will show number of chromosomes

43
Q

haploid

A

N

44
Q

diploid

A

2N

45
Q

triploid

A

3N

46
Q

Tetraploid

A

4N

47
Q

deletion

A

removes a chromosomal segment

48
Q

duplication

A

repeats a chromosomal segment

49
Q

inversion

A

reverses a chromosomal segment

50
Q

translocation

A

moves a segment from 1 chromosome to a nonhomologous chromosome

51
Q

cytoplasmic inheritance

A

genes found on structures in the cytoplasm, mitochondria (human 37 genes) and chrloroplasts (mostly inherited through egg)

52
Q

recombination frequency; test cross

A

of recombiant progeny/ total progeny x 100%, linked is 50% and unlinked is 50% (genes on same chromosome)

53
Q

imprinting

A

children follow characteristics of their parents after birth

54
Q

double test cross

A

to take a fully dominant and fully recessive when only their phenotype looks like their parent, if we don’t get any recombiance then they are fully linked

55
Q

sex determination

A

region y (set) gene encodes a transcription factor that impacts the expression of other genes and induces the development of testes (if sry is absent then female development will take place)

56
Q

nucleic acids

A

dna and rna, nucleotides are monomers

57
Q

nucleic acid polymer

A

covalent bond formed between phosphate group and pentode sugar

58
Q

dna has direction

A

phosphate is bound to the 5th carbon of the ribose sugar, hydroxyl group at 3rd carbon can covalently bond to phosphate over another nucleotide

59
Q

dna polymerase

A

adds new nucleotide in 5>3 direction, covalent bond is formed when high energy phosphates are removed from dNTP

60
Q

DNA replication, semi conservative model

A

starts with 2 parent strands, ends with 2 daughter strands, free nucleotides are added to complementary dna nucleotides to form a new daughter strand

61
Q

dna

A

deoxyribose pentose sugar, double stranded (A,T) (C,G)

62
Q

adenine and thymine are

A

double bonded by hydrogen bonds

63
Q

cytosine and guanine are

A

triple bonded by hydrogen bonds

64
Q

rna

A

ribose pentose sugar, single stranded (A,U) (C,G)

65
Q

origins of replication

A

dna pol III starts to synthesize leading strand, continuous elongation 5>3 direction

66
Q

helicase

A

unwinds parental double helix at replication forks

67
Q

single strand binding protein

A

binds to and stabilizes single stranded dna until it is used as a template

68
Q

topoismerase

A

relieves overwinding strain ahead of replication forks by breaking, swirling and rejoining dna strands

69
Q

primase

A

synthesized rna primer at 5 end of leading strand, at 5 end of each okazaki fragment of lagging strand

70
Q

dna pol lll

A

using parental dna as a template, synthesizes new dna strand nucleotide to an RNA primer on presenting DNA

71
Q

dna pol I

A

removes dna nucleotides to primer from 5 end and replaces them with dna nucleotide

72
Q

dna ligase

A

joins okazaki fragments of lagging strand; on leading strand joins 3 end of dna that replaces primer to the rest of leading strand dna

73
Q

telomerase

A

enzyme w protein and rna component, bind to 3 flanking end of telomerase that is complementary to telomerase rna; bases are added using rna as template, telomerase relocates, 2nd step is repeated; 15-22 rna nucleotides compliment G-rich Dna overhangs; dna polymerase complements the lagging strand, extends the 3 inch strand of the chromosome)

74
Q

replication at ends of chromosomes

A

ends of chromosomes have a 3 overhang due to removal of primer after dna replication, causes end of chromosomes to shorten after each cycle of replication (linear dna, unwinding, primer removed, gap left)

75
Q

polymerase chain reaction

A

(dna rep in vitro) denaturing, annealing, extension

76
Q

denaturing

A

temp is increased to separate dna strands

77
Q

annealing

A

temp is decreased to allow primers to base pair to complementary dna template

78
Q

extension

A

polymerase extends primer to form nascent dna strand

79
Q

asexual reproduction

A

a single parent produces genetically identical offspring by mitosis

80
Q

sexual reproduction

A

combines genes from 2 parents, leading to genetically diverse offspring

81
Q

fertilization

A

ovaries and testes produce haploid gametes by meiosis, when egg and sperm unite form (2n=46) single cell zygote develops into a multicellular organism by mitosis

82
Q

sister chromatid cohesion and crossing over allows…

A

chiasmata to hold homologous together until anaphase 1. cohesions are cleaves along the arms at the centromere in anaphase 2, release sister chromatids

83
Q

genetic variation

A

raw material for evolution by natural selection mutations are the original source for diversity

84
Q

types of genetic variation

A

independent assortment(of chromosomes during meiosis 1), crossing over(during meiosis 1) random fertilization (of cells by sperm)

85
Q

sickle cell

A

homozygotes have sickle cell disease but heterozygote shave advantage, 1 copy reduces frequency and severity of malaria attacks

86
Q

lethal vs nonlethal

A

lethal alleles are eliminated if affected ppl die before reproduction

87
Q

amniocentesis and chronic villus sample

A

can indicate if genetic disorder will be present in a fetus

88
Q

multifactoral characters

A

polygenic characters that are influenced by the environment

89
Q

chromosome theory of inheritance

A

genes are located on chromosomes and the behavior of chromosomes during meiosis accounts for mendels laws

90
Q

barr body

A

inactivated X chromosome

91
Q

dihybrid test cross

A

yields parental types with the same combination of traits as those in the P generation, parents and recombinant types with traits not seen in either parent

92
Q

anueploidy

A

abnormal chromosome #, can result from non junction during meiosis, when a normal gamete unites with one containing 2 or no copies of a chromosome, the resulting zygote and its descendant cells either have 1 extra copy of that chromosome

93
Q

inheritance of traits

A

controlled by the genes present in mitochondria and plastids depends solely on the maternal parent because the zygotes cytoplasm comes from the egg

94
Q

meselon and stahl expirament

A

showed that DNA replication is semi conservative, the parental model unwinds and each strand serves as a template for the synthesis of a new strand

95
Q

double helix

A

found by watson and crick; 2 antiparallel sugar phosphate chains wound around nitrogenous bases

96
Q

dna polymerases

A

proofread new dna, replaced incorrect nucleotides

97
Q

mismatched repair

A

enzymes correct errors that persist

98
Q

nucleotide excision repair

A

process by which nucleases cut out and other enzymes replace damaged stretched of dna

99
Q

telomere

A

repetitive sequences at the ends of linear dna molecules, postponed the erosion of genes, catalyze the lengthening of telomeres in germ cells

100
Q

chromatid

A

makes up a eukaryotic chromosome (composed of dna, histones, and other proteins)

101
Q

nucleosomes

A

histomes binded to each other, most basic units of dna packing

102
Q

histones

A

tails extend outward from each bead like nucleosome core. additional cooling and folding lead to the highly condensed chromatin of the metaphase chromosome

Biology (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions