chapter 17-20 Flashcards
1
Q
genotype
A
DNA
2
Q
phenotype
A
physically seen
3
Q
codon
A
combo of 3 nucleotides that code for amino acid
4
Q
central dogma
A
DNA>transcription>RNA>translation>Polypeptide>protein
5
Q
prokaryote areas of central dogma
A
transcription and translation both occur in the cytoplasm
6
Q
eukaryotic areas of central dogma
A
transcription occurs in the nucleus, translation occurs in the cytoplasm
7
Q
initiation
A
polymerase binds to the promoter region
8
Q
elongation
A
addition of the RNA nucleotide in the 5’ > 3’ direction
9
Q
termination
A
sequence ends here
10
Q
prokaryotic initiation
A
no transcription factors; RNA polymerase binds directly to the promoter
11
Q
eukaryotic initiation
A
several transcription factors, RNA polymerase directly to the promoter
12
Q
start codon
A
directs the process of translation to begin (methionine AUG)
13
Q
Stop Codon
A
directs the process of translation to end (UAA, UGA, UAG)
14
Q
anticodon
A
3 nucleotide sequence that is complementary to a particular codon
15
Q
codon recognition
A
tRNA binds to its complementary mRNA (codon in A site)
16
Q
peptide bond formation
A
amino acid that comes in on tRNA gets added the lone amino acid on tRNA in A site
17
Q
translocation
A
tRNA in the P site (empty) moved to E site to get kicked out, amino acid in A site moves to P site
18
Q
steps of transcription
A
initiation, elongation, termination
19
Q
steps to elongation
A
codon recognition, peptide bond formation, translocation
20
Q
messenger RNA
A
translated into proteins mRNA
21
Q
ribosomal RNA
A
codes for making ribosomes rRNA
22
Q
transfer RNA
A
binds free amino acids and delivers them to the ribosomes (translation site) tRNA
23
Q
RNA synthesis
A
catalyzed by RNA polymerase, links RNA nucleotides complementary to a DNA template strand
24
Q
ribosome
A
made up of ribosomal RNAs and protein, facilitates this coupling with binding sites for mRNA and tRNA (coord stages of translation)
25
silent mutation
sequence changes amino acid stays the same
26
missense mutation
single change in 1 amino acid
27
nonsense mutation
changes following amino acid
28
frameshift mutation
nucleotide pair insertion
29
polyribosomes
formed by a single mRNA molecule translated simultaneously by a number of ribosomes (in eukaryotic separate in space and time by nuclear membrane)
30
5' Cap
modified G nucleotide, added to 5' end
31
poly a tail
50-250 A nucleotides, added to 3' end
32
splicing
introns are removed and exons are ligated together (carried out by splicesomes)
33
intron
region that doesn't code for amino acids (cut out first)
34
exons
region that codes for amino acids (remove themselves)
35
ribozymes
catalytic ability of some RNA molecules derives from the inherited property of RNA
36
polypeptide
polymer of amino acids, bonded by amino acids
37
prokaryotes gene expression
regulate response to different environmental conditions
38
eukaryotes gene expression
controls differences between different cell types (respond to environmental conditions)
39
dna in eukaryotic cell
folding DNA (histones packaged) methylation of DNA (silence genes) Transcription factors bind to DNA for the production of RNA; bind to promoters or enhancers
40
RNA in eukaryotic cell
process premRNA>mRNA (splicing, alternative) chew it up/block translation (RNAi)
41
protein in eukaryotic cell
cleave/ modify, chew up if needed, inhibitors/activators
42
unacetylated histones
bounded DNA, hard to access genes
43
acetylated histones
dna is spread out, gene info is accessible
44
histone modification
turns genes on/ off by how tightly DNA is coiled
45
operator
works as the on/off switch
46
inhibitor (repressor)
needs a factor, if factor is present may or may not work (inhibits RNA polymerase)
47
Lac operon (inducible)
lactose present binds to repressor and inactivates it. Prevent repressor from binding to operon and allow translation to continue
48
inactive cap
activated by the presence of cAMP, from glucose being low and lactose being present, high in cAMP, binds and activates CAP protein to bind to promoter region and allows free transcription of LAC operon
49
Hoax gene
determines how the body develops
50
methyl interference
development from 1 cell to multicellular organisms (specializing certain cells) and changing expression levels of certain genes (cell signaling)
51
repressor protein
binding to the operator shuts off transcription (the repressor is encoded by a separate regulatory gene)
52
repressible operon
active when bound to a corepressor; usually the end product of an anabolic pathway
53
Ras gene
connective to cancer, involved in transduction normally has to be simulated
54
mutation in Ras
pathway is constantly on, stimulating growth over and over
55
p53
mutation can lead to uncontrolled cell division; controls apoptosis
56
cancer
dividing cells we don't want divided, bipass check point and gene expression road blocks, mutations in gene that regulates control or in a gene repair
57
oncogene
made by DNA changing to make a proto-oncogene active, mutation that reduces product may lead to excessive cell division/cancer; prevent apoptosis of cancerous cells
58
reverse transcriptase
mRNA (cDNA synthesis)>cDNA (PCR amplification (PCR amplification)>embryonic stages (gel electrophoresis)
59
pathogenic organisms
capable of causing disease, smaller genome than us so it's more easily sequenced
60
phages
virus that infects bacteria, can replicate by 2 alternative mechanisms
61
retroviruses
(such as HiV) use reverse transcriptase to copy RNA genome into DNA, can be integrated into the host genome as a provirus
62
vaccines
stimulate the immune system to defend the host against specific values
63
epidemic
widespread outbreak of a disease
64
prions
slow acting, virtually indestructible, infectious proteins
65
viruses
contain genetic information and protein code contain: lipids, attachment/ injection structures
66
components of a virus
nucleic acid>wrapped around protein>lipids from plasma membrane of former host>glycoproteins
67
lytic cycle
virulent/temp phage, destruction of host DNA, production of new phages, lysis of host cell causes release of progenyphages
68
lysogenic cycle
temp phage only, genome integrates into bacterial chromosome as prophage which is relocated and passed on to daughter cells and can be induced to leave the chromosome and initiate a lytic cycle
69
viroids (infectious agent)
small circular RNA molecules that infect plants and disrupt growth
70
oncogenic virus
virus that gives arise to tumors, linked to 15% of human viruses
71
dormant viruses
nucleic acid into nucleus then into genome to affect humans
72
virus infects a bacteria cell
lytic/ lysogenic cycle
73
virus infects an animal cell
receptor mediated endocytosis
74
virus infects hosts (in general)
nucleic acid from virus produces associated proteins, nucleic acid>protein (may not need mRNA because it would already be there, just have to package it) (mRNA at some point in all virus to code for translation)
75
phagocytosis
process by which a cell engulfs a solid particle to form an internal compartment known as a phagosome
76
pinocytosis
the ingestion of liquid into a cell by the budding of small vesicles from the cell membrane.
77
what do viruses do to a cell?
hijack/destroy it (use as factory, shedding of particles is an issue)
78
PCR
amplification of a region of DNA, primers are specific to that region; can produce many copies of a specific target segment using primer that bracket the desired sequence and heat resistant DNA polymerase
79
steps to PCR
denaturing, annealing, extension, cycle 1 yields 2 molecules, cycle 2 yields 4 molecules, cycle 3 yields 8 molecules
80
totipotent
single differentiated cells from plant; capable of generating all tissues of a completely new plant
81
In Situ hybridization
uses fluorescent dyes attached to probes to identify the location of specific mRNAs in place in the intact organism
82
DNA sequencing
shuffling DNA around and getting it in the correct order, carried out through deoxychain termination method
83
cloning
makes copies, repeated onto every fragment has a complementary strand, plasmid within a cell controls cloning, PCR and restriction enzymes create specific plasmid
84
next generation sequencing
based sequencing by synthesis, DNA polymerase is used to synthesize a stretch of DNA from a single stranded template
85
RNA sequencing
used to sequence cDNAs corresponding to RNAs from the cell
86
knockouts
One gene is changed so it doesn't function
87
knock downs
use RNA interference to reduce expression of a gene
88
single nucleotide polymorphism
used by genome wide association studies, used as genetic markers for alleles that are associated with particular conditions
89
cloning vector
plasmid used over and over, high copy number, lots of plasmid and bacteria, don't have nucleotide sequence for producing proteins
90
expression vector
DNA sequence to create protein, put plasmid into bacterium, used to make protein with and create
91
to go from cloning to expression enzyme
cut with restriction enzymes, then use gel electrophoresis to look at bands to see if we have/cut the right DNA
92
DNA microarray
used to identify set of genes co-expressed by a group of cells
93
CRISPR-Cas-9 system
allows researchers to edit genes in living cells in a specific delivery way
94
DNA fragments
cut by same restriction enzymes used on cloning vector
95
cloning vectors and DNA fragments are
mixed and ligated
