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Biology > Chapters 2-5 > Flashcards

Chapters 2-5 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

element

A

substance that cannot be broken down to other substances by chemical reactions

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2
Q

compound

A

combination of multiple elements

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3
Q

elements of life

A

Oxygen, Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen

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4
Q

Atoms consist of..

A

subatomic particles

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5
Q

charge of protons

A

positive

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6
Q

charge of neutrons

A

neutral

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7
Q

charge of electrons

A

negative

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8
Q

what subatomic particles are found in the nucleus

A

protons and neutrons

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9
Q

of protons =

A

of electrons

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10
Q

how do u determine # of protons?

A

atomic number

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11
Q

Atomic mass=

A

of protons + # of neutrons

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12
Q

isotope

A

same # of protons, different # of neutrons

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13
Q

radioactive isotope

A

unstable isotope, nucleus decays spontaneously and gives off radiation (half lives)

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14
Q

1st orbital can hold…

A

2 electrons MAX

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15
Q

2nd and 3rd orbital can hold…

A

8 electrons MAX

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16
Q

going away from the nucleus…

A

energy is absorbed

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17
Q

coming towards the nucleus

A

energy is lost

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18
Q

valence shell electrons

A

give elements their chemical properties, electron orbitals are where electrons spend 90% of their time, each shell contains a certain # of orbitals

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19
Q

when are atoms most stable?

A

when valence shells are full

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20
Q

how are chemical bonds formed?

A

filling valence shells with electrons

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21
Q

how do covalent bonds form?

A

when a pair of electrons is shared

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22
Q

how are polar molecules formed?

A

when electrons are not shared equally between atoms in a covalent bond (h2o)

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23
Q

ionic bonds

A

attraction between 2 oppositely charged ions

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24
Q

how do chemical reactions occur

A

making or breaking of chemical bonds, atoms are not made or lost they are rearranged

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25
Q

photosynthesis

A

energy from sunlight is captured in bonds that make up glucose

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26
Q

photosynthesis reactants

A

CO2 and H2O

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27
Q

Photosynthesis Products

A

C6H12O6 and O2

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28
Q

how many bonds does carbon have?

A

4

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29
Q

how many bonds does hydrogen have?

A

1 bond

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30
Q

adding water to a reaction

A

hydrolysis

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31
Q

taking water out of a chemical reaction

A

condensation

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32
Q

emergent properties of water

A
  1. cohesion and adhesion of water molecules
  2. high specific heat
  3. ice is less dense than liquid water
  4. water is a great solvent
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33
Q

cohesion

A

high surface tension of water

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34
Q

specific heat

A

amount of heat that must be absorbed or lost to change 1g by 1C

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35
Q

ice bonds

A

hydrogen bonds are stable

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36
Q

water bonds

A

hydrogen bonds constantly break and reform

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37
Q

hydrophilic

A

“head” touches water

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38
Q

hydrophobic

A

“tail” scared of water, inside

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39
Q

mole (mol)

A

6.02x10^23

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40
Q

molar mass

A

grams/mol

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41
Q

sucrose molar mass

A

342 grams/mol

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42
Q

molarity

A

mol/liter

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43
Q

1M

A

1mol/liter

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44
Q

pH=

A

-log[H+]

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45
Q

Neutral solution [H+]=

A

10^-7

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46
Q

change of 1 in PH=

A

10x change in [H+]

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47
Q

> 7 solutions

A

increasingly acidic

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48
Q

=7 solutions

A

neutral

49
Q

<7 solutions

A

increasingly basic

50
Q

buffers

A

molecules that donate or accept protons to resist changes in pH as acids or bases are added to the solution. A buffer consists of a weak acid and its conjugate base, or a weak base and its conjugate acid.

51
Q

methane

A

CH4

52
Q

Ethane

A

C2H6

53
Q

Ethene

A

C2H4

54
Q

ending in -ane =

A

1 bond

55
Q

ending in -ene =

A

2 bonds

56
Q

structural isomers

A

same formula, different structure

57
Q

cis-trans isomer

A

cis, polar/ trans non polar

both unsaturated

58
Q

Hydroxyl group

A

-OH

59
Q

STUDY CHEMICAL GROUPS

A

actually do it

60
Q

when adenosine (ADP) reacts with H2O

A

makes Adenosine (ATP) and energy

61
Q

list 4 macromolecules

A

carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleus acid

62
Q

how are polymers formed?

A

dehydration reaction (taking away water)

63
Q

how are polymers broken?

A

Hydrolysis Reaction (adding water)

64
Q

1g of carbs

A

4 calories

65
Q

1g of proteins

A

4 calories

66
Q

1g of lipids

A

9 calories

67
Q

1g of ethanol

A

7 calories

68
Q

hexose

A

sugar with a 6-carbon structure

69
Q

pentose

A

sugar w a 5 carbon structure

70
Q

disaccharide

A

sugar molecules composed of 2 monomers

71
Q

lactose

A

composed of glucose and galactose

72
Q

sucrose

A

composed of glucose and fructose

73
Q

polysaccharide

A

structure determines function

starch, cellulose, glycogen

74
Q

starch

A

storage structures (plastides) containing starch granulated in a potato tuber cell

75
Q

cellulose

A

cellulose microfibrils in a plant cell wall

76
Q

glycogen

A

glycogen granules in muscle tissue

77
Q

nucleic acids

A

DNA and RNA, nucleotides and monomers

78
Q

central dogma

A

DNA is transcribed into mRNA, mRNA is then translated into proteins

79
Q

ribose and deoxyribose

A

RNA, DNA

80
Q

nucliec acid polymer

A

covalent bond formed between phosphate group and pentose sugar

81
Q

deoxyribonucleic acid

A

arranged in double helix, nitrogenous bases are hydrogen bonded

82
Q

protein

A

composed of one or more polypeptide

83
Q

polypeptide

A

polymer of amino acids

84
Q

DNA: adenine pairs with…

A

Thymine

85
Q

DNA: Cytosine pairs with…

A

Guanine

86
Q

RNA: Adenine pairs with…

A

Uracil

87
Q

RNA: Cytosine pairs with…

A

Guanine

88
Q

making a protein

A

DNA is transcribed into RNA, for every 3 nucleotides=1 codon, 1 codon codes for an amino acid, amino acids link together to form a polypeptide, 1 or more polypeptide forms together to make a protein

89
Q

primary protein structure

A

amino acid chain

90
Q

secondary protein structure

A

folding of polypeptide (to make 3D shape)

91
Q

alpha helix

A

involves regularly spaced hydrogen bonds between residues along the chain

92
Q

beta pleaded sheet

A

hydrogen bonding between residues in adjacent chains

93
Q

tertiary structure

A

hydrogen, disulfide, vanderwaals, and ionic bonds

94
Q

quaternary structure

A

hydrogen, disulfide, vanderwaals, and ionic bonds, makes the protein functionable

95
Q

denaturing a protein

A

shape is lost, reduces or eliminates proteins functions

96
Q

shaperonin

A

protein that helps fold other proteins

97
Q

sickle cell

A

caused by a change in amino acid sequence, caused blood cell to wither

98
Q

examples of lipids

A

fat, phospholipids, steroids

99
Q

fats

A

exist primarily as triglycerides, most dense form of energy storage

100
Q

glycerol

A

3-carbon alcohol

101
Q

fatty acids

A

hydrocarbon chain with carboxyl group

102
Q

steroids structural

A

cholesterol, component of cell membrane, influences the rigidly of membranes

103
Q

steroids signaling

A

sex hormones, influences development and secondary sex traits

104
Q

unsaturated

A

contains double bond and at least 1 fatty acid(oil)

105
Q

saturated

A

single bonded (butter)

106
Q

triglycerides contain..

A

phosphate group>glycerol>2 fatty acids

107
Q

nucleic acids

A

DNA and RNA

108
Q

adenine and guanine

A

purine (2 rings)

109
Q

cytosine, uracil, thymine

A

pyradime (1ring)

110
Q

a and t bond

A

2 hydrogen bonds

111
Q

c and g

A

has 3 hydrogen bonds

112
Q

bonds present in a tertiary structure

A

hydrogen bonds, disulfide bridge, ionic bonds, vanderwalls interaction, hydrophobic interaction)

113
Q

a change in 1 of ph is an increase of

A

10x h concentration

114
Q

primary structure

A

peptide bonds

115
Q

secondary

A

hydrogen bonds

116
Q

isotopes

A

differ from each other in neutron number, therefore made

117
Q

hydrogen bonds

A

partial positive hydrogen with partially negative electronegative atom

118
Q

vanderwals interaction

A

between positive and negative regions of molecules

Biology (7 decks)

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