Chapters 9-11 Flashcards
Shaping, Prompting/Fading, Chaining
Define shaping.
The differential reinforcement of successive approximations of the target behaviour until the target (terminal) behaviour is reached.
Define prompting.
Giving stimuli before (or during) performance of behaviour to increase likelihood of person engaging in target behaviour at correct time.
Define fading.
Gradual elimination of prompting so that eventually it is no longer needed; stimulus control is transferred from prompts to S^D.
Define a behavioural chain (stimulus-response chain).
Complex behaviour comprised of several component behaviours that occur together in certain order.
The behaviours of following a recipe and getting gas can be taught via which method?
Behavioural chaining.
In the context of shaping, what are differential reinforcement and successive approximations?
Differential reinforcement: one particular behaviour is reinforced, whereas all others are not (extinction applied).
Successive approximations: each consecutive behaviour more closely resembles target (terminal) behaviour in a series of shaping steps.
What are the steps to shaping?
- Define target/terminal behaviour
- Determine whether shaping is appropriate
- Identify starting behaviour
- Choose shaping steps/approximations
- Decide which reinforcer to apply
- Apply reinforcement to successive approximations, extinction to previous ones
- proceed through steps at appropriate pace until terminal behaviour reached
In __________ shaping, criteria are set to increase or decrease dimensions of an existing behaviour, __________ shaping assesses the degree to which successive behaviours resemble target behaviour.
quantitative, qualitative (topographical)
Fading is an example of what larger concept?
Transfer of stimulus control: prompts reduced or eliminated so that target behaviour occurs to the S^D alone; behaviour continues to be reinforced.
Verbal, gestural, modelling, and physical guidance prompts, along with three-step prompting, are all examples of __________ prompts.
response
What are the two types of stimulus prompts? Describe them.
Within-stimulus prompt: involves changing the S^D in some way (location, dimension[s])
Extra-stimulus prompt: adding stimulus to S^D
What are the three other categories that stimulus prompts can also be broken down into?
Picture prompts, auditory prompts, environmental prompts (alterations to environment).
In fading __________ prompt(s), the same prompt is used, but decreased in magnitude.
within
in fading __________ prompt(s), prompt is changed according to a prompt hierarchy.
across
What type of fading entails fading physical guidance prompts?
Graduated guidance.
In __________ __________ fading, stimulus prompt is decreased in magnitude or frequency.
stimulus prompt
How is prompt delaying done?
S^D is presented, wait length of time, if target behaviour does not occur, provide prompt.
__________ __________ is the identification of all antecedent stimuli and responses in sequence that comprise a behavioural chain.
Task analysis
In behavioural chaining, __________ __________ __________ entails individual attempting all links from beginning to end, with prompting and fading being used as required.
total task presentation
In behavioural chaining, __________ __________ entails prompting being used to teach complex behaviour beginning with final behaviour.
backward chaining
In behavioural chaining __________ __________ entails prompting and fading being used to teach complex behaviour beginning with first link.
forward chaining
What are some self-prompting methods?
written task analysis (textual prompts), self-instructions, picture prompts, video modelling.
Which gradual change procedure reinforces successive approximations of target behaviour using reinforcement and extinction?
Shaping.
Which gradual change method transfers stimulus control from prompts to the S^D?
Fading.
Which gradual change method involves reinforcement of related behaviours making up a greater sequence.
Chaining.
What are the steps to chaining?
- Determine if chaining is appropriate
- Perform task analysis to determine behaviour chain
- measure performance baseline
- select chaining procedure
- apply treatment program
- ensure behaviour is maintained
What are the steps to fading?
- choose most appropriate prompting strategy
- get learners attention
- always present S^D
- prompt response if S^D does not evoke it
- reinforce correct behaviour
- transfer stimulus control
- continue to reinforce unprompted responses
