Chapters 9-11

Question 1

Define shaping.

Answer 1

The differential reinforcement of successive approximations of the target behaviour until the target (terminal) behaviour is reached.

Question 2

Define prompting.

Answer 2

Giving stimuli before (or during) performance of behaviour to increase likelihood of person engaging in target behaviour at correct time.

Question 3

Define fading.

Answer 3

Gradual elimination of prompting so that eventually it is no longer needed; stimulus control is transferred from prompts to S^D.

Question 4

Define a behavioural chain (stimulus-response chain).

Answer 4

Complex behaviour comprised of several component behaviours that occur together in certain order.

Question 5

The behaviours of following a recipe and getting gas can be taught via which method?

Answer 5

Behavioural chaining.

Question 6

In the context of shaping, what are differential reinforcement and successive approximations?

Answer 6

Differential reinforcement: one particular behaviour is reinforced, whereas all others are not (extinction applied).

Successive approximations: each consecutive behaviour more closely resembles target (terminal) behaviour in a series of shaping steps.

Question 7

What are the steps to shaping?

Answer 7

1. Define target/terminal behaviour
2. Determine whether shaping is appropriate
3. Identify starting behaviour
4. Choose shaping steps/approximations
5. Decide which reinforcer to apply
6. Apply reinforcement to successive approximations, extinction to previous ones
7. proceed through steps at appropriate pace until terminal behaviour reached

Question 8

In __________ shaping, criteria are set to increase or decrease dimensions of an existing behaviour, __________ shaping assesses the degree to which successive behaviours resemble target behaviour.

Answer 8

quantitative, qualitative (topographical)

Question 9

Fading is an example of what larger concept?

Answer 9

Transfer of stimulus control: prompts reduced or eliminated so that target behaviour occurs to the S^D alone; behaviour continues to be reinforced.

Question 10

Verbal, gestural, modelling, and physical guidance prompts, along with three-step prompting, are all examples of __________ prompts.

Answer 10

response

Question 11

What are the two types of stimulus prompts? Describe them.

Answer 11

Within-stimulus prompt: involves changing the S^D in some way (location, dimension[s])

Extra-stimulus prompt: adding stimulus to S^D

Question 12

What are the three other categories that stimulus prompts can also be broken down into?

Answer 12

Picture prompts, auditory prompts, environmental prompts (alterations to environment).

Question 13

In fading __________ prompt(s), the same prompt is used, but decreased in magnitude.

Answer 13

within

Question 14

in fading __________ prompt(s), prompt is changed according to a prompt hierarchy.

Answer 14

across

Question 15

What type of fading entails fading physical guidance prompts?

Answer 15

Graduated guidance.

Question 16

In __________ __________ fading, stimulus prompt is decreased in magnitude or frequency.

Answer 16

stimulus prompt

Question 17

How is prompt delaying done?

Answer 17

S^D is presented, wait length of time, if target behaviour does not occur, provide prompt.

Question 18

__________ __________ is the identification of all antecedent stimuli and responses in sequence that comprise a behavioural chain.

Answer 18

Task analysis

Question 19

In behavioural chaining, __________ __________ __________ entails individual attempting all links from beginning to end, with prompting and fading being used as required.

Answer 19

total task presentation

Question 20

In behavioural chaining, __________ __________ entails prompting being used to teach complex behaviour beginning with final behaviour.

Answer 20

backward chaining

Question 21

In behavioural chaining __________ __________ entails prompting and fading being used to teach complex behaviour beginning with first link.

Answer 21

forward chaining

Question 22

What are some self-prompting methods?

Answer 22

written task analysis (textual prompts), self-instructions, picture prompts, video modelling.

Question 23

Which gradual change procedure reinforces successive approximations of target behaviour using reinforcement and extinction?

Answer 23

Shaping.

Question 24

Which gradual change method transfers stimulus control from prompts to the S^D?

Answer 24

Fading.

Question 25

Which gradual change method involves reinforcement of related behaviours making up a greater sequence.

Answer 25

Chaining.

Question 26

What are the steps to chaining?

Answer 26

1. Determine if chaining is appropriate
2. Perform task analysis to determine behaviour chain
3. measure performance baseline
4. select chaining procedure
5. apply treatment program
6. ensure behaviour is maintained

Question 27

What are the steps to fading?

Answer 27

1. choose most appropriate prompting strategy
2. get learners attention
3. always present S^D
4. prompt response if S^D does not evoke it
5. reinforce correct behaviour
6. transfer stimulus control
7. continue to reinforce unprompted responses