Chapters 7 and 8 Flashcards
Stimulus Control and Respondent Conditioning
What is Skinner’s three-term contingency?
In the present of a particular antecedent, a specific behaviour will be followed by a certain consequence.
Antecedent → Behaviour → Consequence
What are antecedents?
Stimuli (e.g. events, or situations) that precede a behavioural response.
What is the difference between overt and covert antecedents? Immediate and distant?
Overt: directly observable to others via senses
Covert: internal experiences
Immediate: occur right before or overlap with behaviour
Distant: stimuli (often covert) that precede the behaviour by a long time; can also affect behaviour for a long time.
Antecedents either overt or covert and either immediate or distant.
__________ __________ is the extent to which an antecedent stimulus can influence performance of a behaviour.
Stimulus control.
Stimulus __________ are related stimuli that have the same effect on behaviour.
classes.
In the context of stimulus discrimination training, what are S^D and S^Δ?
S^D is the discriminative stimulus, in the presence of which behaviour is reinforced.
S^Δ encompasses any other antecedent stimulus, in the presence of which behaviour is not reinforced.
Describe the phenomena of stimulus generalization and stimulus equivalence. How do they differ?
Stimulus generalization occurs when a stimulus similar to S^D also produces the behaviour
Stimulus equivalence occurs when multiple stimuli can be used for the same purpose.
They differ in that the stimuli in generalization are not entirely equivalent, do not have the same meaning though similar.
Respondent behaviours are __________, operant behaviours are __________.
elicited, evoked.
The behaviours of increased heart rate and galvanic skin response in response to a loud noise is an example of a __________ response.
reflexive.
Biologically significant reflexive responses often have __________ value.
survival.
What is an unconditioned stimulus?
A stimulus that naturally elicits a reflexive response, without any learning or conditioning.
What is an unconditioned response?
Reflexive responses naturally elicited by an unconditioned stimulus.
What is a neutral stimulus? Conditioned stimulus? How are they related?
A neutral stimulus is a stimulus with no effect on reflexive responses.
A conditioned stimulus is an initially neutral stimulus that is paired with an unconditioned response.
In other words, a neutral stimulus becomes the conditioned stimulus through respondent (classical, Pavlovian) conditioning.
What is a conditioned response?
The response elicited by the conditioned stimulus via respondent (classical, Pavlovian) conditioning. Response was previously only accessible by unconditioned stimulus prior to conditioning.
Describe the differences between trace conditioning, delay conditioning, simultaneous conditioning, and backward conditioning.
Trace conditioning: NS before US, NS and US do not overlap in time.
Delay conditioning: NS before US, both overlap in time.
Simultaneous conditioning: NS and US presented at the same time.
Backward conditioning: US presented before NS.
