Chapters 17-19

Question 1

How do extinction and negative punishment differ?

Answer 1

In extinction, the reinforcer that was supporting the problem behaviour is no longer given.

In negative punishment, any reinforcer is removed or withdrawn contingent on the behaviour.

Question 2

What are the two main categories of negative punishment?

Answer 2

Time-out and response cost.

Question 3

What is the difference between exclusionary and non-exclusionary time-out?

Answer 3

In exclusionary time-out, the person is moved to a different location and denied access to reinforcers.

In non-exclusionary time-out only the reinforcer is withheld.

Question 4

What is contingent observation?

Answer 4

When a person undergoing non-exclusionary time-out is able to observe others engaging in activities.

Question 5

What is isolation time-out and how does it differ from exclusionary time-out?

Answer 5

Isolation time-out involves the person being removed from the environment in which reinforcers are available to a setting where they are alone.

It is a more extreme version of exclusionary time-out, as not just prevented from accessing reinforcers, but isolated from all contact.

Question 6

What are some issues with time-out?

Answer 6

No differential reinforcement, does not work with negative reinforcers (e.g. escape), practical space concerns, harm prevention (e.g. SIBs), preventing escape.

Question 7

What is response cost?

Answer 7

The removal of a reinforcer following an undesirable behaviour.

Question 8

What are some issues with response cost?

Answer 8

Whether reinforcer can actually be withdrawn, when to withdraw, practical issues (can be substituted with token economy), managing aggression, whether appropriate for vulnerable populations.

Question 9

What are two types of positive punishment?

Answer 9

Aversive activities and aversive stimuli.

Question 10

What are some kinds of aversive activities?

Answer 10

Overcorrection (positive practice, negative practice/repetition, restitution),
Contingent exercise (e.g. knock it down) ,
Guided compliance,
Physical restraint (e.g. response blocking, response interruption/redirection)

Question 11

What are two kinds of aversive stimulation?

Answer 11

Reprimand and physically aversive stimulation.

Question 12

In what order should other interventions be applied before positive punishment?

Answer 12

1. Antecedent Intervention, positive reinforcement, differential reinforcement.
2. Negative reinforcement
3. Extinction
4. Negative punishment
5. Positive punishment (aversive stimuli is last resort)

Question 13

How is generalization defined?

Answer 13

Behaviour that occurs in the presence of an S^D that is similar to that used in training; behaviour change exists beyond training program.

Question 14

What are the three kinds of generalization?

Answer 14

Response maintenance, transfer of behaviour across situations and settings, response generalization.

Question 15

What are the steps of setting a behavioural trap?

Answer 15

1. Identify prey (target behaviour, ideally with natural reinforcers)
2. Find bait (appetitive stimulus)
3. Set trap (place stimulus in path)
4. Maintain trap line (gradually progress to more complex behaviour)
5. Appraise catch (assess/modify changes in target behaviour)

Question 16

What are in-situ training and general case training?

Answer 16

In-situ training: training occurs in natural environment after and in-situ assessment deems it necessary.

General case training: a range of antecedents used, as well as a range of responses.

Question 17

What is a response class?

Answer 17

A range of functionally equivalent responses.