Chapters 4-6 Flashcards
Reinforcement, Extinction, Punishment
What is Thorndike’s Law of Effect?
Behaviour followed by pleasant consequences is more likely to occur again in that situation.
What is the definition of operant?
Functioning or tending to produce effects: of or relating to the observable or measurable.
Define reinforcement.
The process in which the consequence of a behaviour strengthens the behaviour.
__________ reinforcement involves presentation of an appetitive/pleasant stimulus that increases the behaviour.
Positive.
__________ reinforcement involves removal of an aversive/unpleasant stimulus in order to increase behaviour.
Negative.
Define two subsets of negative reinforcement: escape behaviour and avoidance behaviour.
Escape behaviour: causes removal of existing aversive stimulus
Avoidance behaviour: prevents presentation of aversive stimulus
Describe the forms of reinforcement (natural, programmed, social, automatic, tangible, sensory, activity).
natural reinforcement: occurs spontaneously
programmed reinforcement: planned and systematic as part of treatment
social reinforcement: involves others
automatic reinforcement: direct, independent of environment
tangible reinforcement: access to a preferred object, includes consumable reinforcement
sensory reinforcement: pleasant sensory stimulation
activity reinforcement: engaging in a preferred behaviour after non-preferred behaviour
The __________ __________ is the principle that a high-probability behaviour can serve as positive reinforcement for performing a low-probability behaviour, thus increasing it.
Premack Principle.
What is the difference between unconditioned (primary) and conditioned (secondary) reinforcers?
Primary reinforcers have natural reinforcing effects, secondary reinforcers are previously neutral stimuli associated with unconditioned reinforcers.
Describe two motivating operations (setting events).
Establishing operations increase the effectiveness of reinforcement, abolishing operations decrease effectiveness of reinforcement.
Describe continuous, intermittent, fixed ratio, variable ratio, fixed interval, and variable interval schedules of reinforcement.
continuous: reinforcement given for each response
intermittent: only some responses reinforced
fixed ratio: reinforcer given after a set number of responses
variable ratio: reinforcer given after a random number of responses
fixed interval: reinforcer given after certain length of time
variable interval: reinforcer given around variable length of time
What is an extinction burst?
When behaviour briefly increases in frequency, duration, or intensity after reinforcement is eliminated.
What is extinction-induced aggression?
Novel, often emotional/aggressive behaviours, may be exhibited after reinforcement is eliminated.
What is spontaneous recovery?
After period of extinction, behaviour may reappear despite lack of reinforcement.
Continuous schedule of reinforcement produces a (higher/lower) resistance to extinction. Greater magnitude of reinforcement leads to (higher/lower) resistance to extinction.
lower, higher.
