Chapters 9 & 10 Flashcards
Is there evidence to prove that autism is caused by the MMR vaccine?
no
The words “autistic” and “autism” come from the Greek word ‘autos’, meaning
self
List the characteristics that distinguished the children studied by Kanner
an inability to relate to others in an ordinary manner
an extreme autistic aloneness that seemingly isolated the child from the outside world
an apparent resistance to being picked up or held by the parents
deficits in language
extreme fear reactions to loud noises
obsessive desire for repetition and maintenance of sameness
few spontaneous activities such as typical play behavior
bizarre and repetitive physical movement such as spinning or perpetual rocking
Kanner’s research with a group of children he called “autistic” indicated that these children could be set apart from children with schizophrenia in
Children with schizophrenia tended to withdraw from the world, whereas children with autism never seemed to have made any social connections to begin with.
Children with autism exhibited some unique language patters
Children with autism did not appear to deteriorate in their functioning over time
Asperger identified children who had
average intelligence but channeled their intellectual pursuits into obsessive preoccupation in narrow areas
The term “spectrum” in autism spectrum disorder refers to the fact that people with ASD
have a variety of symptoms and degrees of impairment that fall along a continuum.
A condition that is much like autism but usually without significant delays in cognition and language is
asperger syndrome
According to the DSM-5, Asperger syndrome
is no longer an entity separate from ASD.
The prevalence of ASD
is 5 times higher for boys than girls.
What term was once commonly applied to mothers of children with autism?
refrigerator moms
Although highly questionable today, during the 1960s, which idea was popular among professionals trying to explain autism?
psychoanalytic idea that attributes cause to parents
What have scientists established unequivocally that the cause of ASD is
neurological
Neurological research that involves the brain and head size of people with autism strongly suggests that for many
their brains grow suddenly and excessively in the first two years of life.
What percentage of children with autism appears to experience autistic regression?
33%
The desire to communicate for social purposes is referred to as
communicative intent
The process of one person alerting another to a stimulus via nonverbal means, such as gazing or pointing.
Joint attention
What refers to the “dos and don’ts” of everyday living that most people learn incidentally or with very little instruction from others?
hidden curriculum
The study within psycholinguistics of how people use language in social situations; emphasizes the functional use of language rather than the mechanics
pragmatics
Repetitive, ritualistic motor movements such as twirling, flapping hands, and rocking
are evident in some, but not all, children with ASD.
Jeremy has severe autism. He does not interact with others socially and his intellectual functioning appears to be very low. However, Jeremy has extraordinary ability as a pianist (although he is not interested in performing for other people). What term best describes Jeremy?
autism savant syndrome
the natural inclination for most people to bring order and meaning to information in their environment by perceiving it as a meaningful whole rather than as disparate parts
central coherence
refers to a person’s ability to “read” the mind of other people with respect to characteristics such as their intentions, feelings, beliefs, and desires.
theory of mind
the purpose the behavior serves for one person
consequences
things that trigger the behavior
antecedents
takes into account the contextual factors in which the behavior occurs
setting events
The Picture Exchange Communication System (PECS) focuses on
using pictures to help students initiate and maintain functional communication.
The TEACCH (Treatment and Education of Autistic and Related Communication Handicapped Children) program places heavy emphasis on
structure
Two critical areas of assessment for students with autism spectrum disorders are progress in
progress in language development and social/adaptive behavior
The goal for work settings for people with ASD is to be in
competitive employment or supported competitive employment.
How many children are affected by stuttering?
1 in 20
Communication requires
encoding and decoding
decoding or understanding messages
receptive language
the process of sharing information
communication
encoding or sharing messages
expressive language
the communication of ideas through an arbitrary system of symbols used according to certain rules that determine meaning
language
impairs that ability to transmit or receive ideas, facts, feelings, and desires and may involve language or speech or both
communication disorder
contextual factor in which the behaviors occur
setting events
the purpose the behavior serves for the person
consequences
things that trigger the behavior
antecedent
The neuromuscular activity of forming and sequencing the sounds of oral language is called
speech
Impairments in the production and use or oral language are
speech disorders
Impairments in comprehension and expression are
language disorders
Phonology refers to linguistic rules governing
particular sounds and how they are sequenced.
The meanings and concepts people attach to words and sentences are referred to as
semantics
use of language for social purposes
pragmatics
Shaunta has a speech disorder which causes her to stutter. This is a disorder of
fluency
Approximately what percentage of children identified for special education receives services primarily for speech or language disorders?
20%
Language disorders are generally classified according to two dimensions:
domain and etiology
Three examples of a primary language disorder is a/an
specific language impairment, early expressive language delay, language-based reading impairment
A primary language disorder
has no identifiable cause
A language based reading impairment involves
a reading problem based on a language disorder
The failure of a child to understand the rules for producing the sounds of their language at an age-appropriate level and in a culturally appropriate way represents
phonological disorders
Articulation disorders
involve errors in sound production
The dimensions of voice are
pitch, loudness, and quality
The most frequent type of fluency disorder is
stuttering
What percentage of children and adults are considered stutterers?
1%
trouble controlling speech sounds
dysarthria
trouble planning and coordinating speech
apraxia
occurs because of a stroke or other type of brain damage after learning speech
acquired apraxia
emerges as the child develops speech and language skills
developmental apraxia
complete loss of voice
aphonia
The primary role of the classroom teacher is to facilitate development of which aspect of language?
pragmatics
Methods of progress monitoring that involve a cycle of teaching, followed by testing, and then reteaching as necessary are
dynamic assessments
Jeremy is a four year old boy who makes infantile noises and uses gestures to request objects. He displays
prelinguistic communication
Much of a child’s language and social development depend on two characteristics of language interaction the child has with caregivers. What are the characteristics?
nature and quantity of the language
Which skill is important in order for teens and adults to learn strategies for storing, selecting, retrieving, and processing information?
reading skills
What is an example of an articulation disorder?
lisping
A pervasive developmental disability characterized by extreme withdrawal, cognitive deficits, language disorders, self-stimulation, and onset before the age of thirty months
Autism
Normal development for five months to four years, followed by regression and mental retardation
Rhett’s disorder
Normal development for at least two years, and up to ten years, followed by significant loss of skills
Childhood disintegrative disorder
Pervasive delay in development that does not fit into any of the other diagnostics categories
Pervasive development disorder not otherwise specified (PDD-NOS)
