Chapters 11 & 12 Flashcards
From the physiological perspective, the distinction between “deaf” and “hard of hearing” is based on
decibel levels detected.
From an educational point of view, how is “deafness” best defined?
an inability to understand speech even with a hearing aid
The term “hard of hearing” is used to describe people with hearing impairment who
have enough residual hearing to process sound with a hearing aid
According to the U.S. Department of Education, what percentage of students are identified as deaf or hard of hearing?
0.10%
People who say that deafness should not be considered a disability argue that
they should be considered a cultural minority with a language of their own.
The ossicles function to create
transfer of energy from the middle ear to the inner ear.
The most important organ for hearing is the
cochlea
Ideally, screening tests for babies should follow a
1-3-6 month rule
Pure tone audiometry establishes
threshold for hearing at various frequencies.
Most speech sounds have frequencies (pitch) that
have a wide range: 500-2,000 Hz.
The “speech reception threshold” is best defined as the
decibel level at which one can understand speech.
A condition in which the external auditory canal does not form is
atresia
is medically known as external otitis, an infection of the skin of the external auditory canal.
swimmer’s ear
Name three problems associated with inner ear hearing loss
sound distorition, balance problems, and roaring or ringing in the ears.
The most frequent viral cause of non genetic deafness in newborns is
congential cytomegalovirus (CMV)
Grammatical structure of American Sign Language consist of each of the following
handshape, location, movement
With respect to phonology skills in students who are deaf,
they are similar to phonology skills of students with reading disabilities.
Among students who are deaf, those who achieve the highest levels of literacy tend to have
parents who are deaf who teach them ASL.
A deaf baseball player for whom a petition has been circulated for him to be inducted into the Major League Baseball Hall of Fame is:
Dummy Hoy
A particularly controversial point of view held by many members of the Deaf culture is that
children should not receive cochlear implants to improve their hearing.
The genetic engineering debate regarding Deaf activism refers to members of the Deaf community who want to
deliberately increase their chances of having a deaf child
The auditory-verbal approach encourages children with hearing impairment to
use their residual hearing
Teaching people with hearing impairments to use visual information (such as facial expressions) to understand what is being said to them is
speech reading
A principle underlying the bicultural-bilingual approach is
stressing that ASL is the primary language, and English is secondary.
FM systems are used in conjunction with hearing aids to
amplify sounds
A TT, also referred to as TTYs, is a device for
communicating via telephone.
Currently, approximately what percentage of students with hearing impairments attend classes in their local schools?
86%
In recent years, many people within the deaf community have questioned the trend toward inclusion of children with hearing impairment because
it forces students to lose their deaf identity
Many in the Deaf community believe that residential schools for children who are deaf are necessary to
perpetuate the Deaf culture and use of ASL.
What statement about the assessment of progress of students who are hearing impaired is true?
Most standardized assessments are biased toward the majority culture.
The focus of early intervention for children with hearing impairments is on
language development
Children with deafness who have parents who are also deaf
develop ASL at a rate similar to the rate at which hearing infants develop English
Frank, who is deaf, is the six-month-old son of hearing parents. To interact effectively with Frank, his parents should
attend to eye gaze
Until the mid-1960s, the only institution specifically for post-secondary education of students with hearing impairments was
Gallaudet
What percentage of deaf children have hearing parents?
90%
The total communication approach uses
oral and manual methods
Describe the prevalence of blindness
it is the least prevalent disability
The legal definition of blindness involves assessment of
visual acuity and field of vision
Even though he has visual acuity of 20/20, Jeff is considered legally blind. This is possible if he has severely restricted
peripheral vision
A common criticism of legal definitions of blindness is that visual acuity
doesn’t predict how well people use their remaining sight
The educational definition of blindness and low vision stresses
the method of reading instruction.
For educational purposes, individuals who are blind must use
braille or aural methods.
Blindness occurs most often in
adulthood
What percentage of school-aged children does the federal government classify as visually impaired?
0.04%
a transparent cover in front of the iris and pupil
cornea
a watery substance between the cornea and lens of the eye
aqueous humor
refines and changes the focus of the light rays
lens
a gelatinous substance that fills the eyeball between the retina and lens
virtreous humor
the contractile opening in the middle of the iris
pupil
the colored portion of the eye that contracts or expands
iris
the back portion of the eye, containing nerve fibers connected to the optic nerve
retina
part of the eye that carries the information back to the brain
optic nerve
Janice is described as being able to detect some objects in the environment when they are fully lit. This is an example of a skill a teacher might note when performing a
functional vision assessment
In children, the leading cause of blindness is
cortical visual impairment (CVI)
the bending of light rays as they pass through the various structures of the eye
refraction
myopia
near-sightedness
hyperopia
farsightedness
blurred vision
astigmatism
a group of eye diseases that causes damage to the optic nerve
glaucoma
a condition that results from interference with the blood supply to the retina
diabetic retinopathy
caused by a clouding of the lens of they eye, which results in blurred vision
cataracts
a condition resulting from administration of an excessive concentration of oxygen at birth; causes scar tissue to form behind the lens of the eye
retinopathy of prematurity (ROP)
a condition resulting in underdevelopment of the optic nerve; often accompanied by brain abnormalties, which can result in other problems
optic nerve hypoplasia (ONH)
a poorly understood childhood condition that apparantly involves dysfunction in the visual cortex; characterized by large day-to=day variations in visual ability
cortical visual impairment (CVI)
A condition that involves an underdevelopment of part of the eye and is often associated with other neurological conditions, such as cerebral palsy, is
optic nerve hypoplasia (ONH)
A hereditary disease that usually causes the field of vision to narrow and also affects night vision is
retinitis pigmentosa
Which of the following is a condition in which one or both eyes are directed inward (crossed eyes) or outward?
strabismus
Which of the following is a condition in which rapid involuntary movements of the eyes occur?
nystagmus
An important difference between individuals with and without sight is that
those without sight need to take much more initiative to learn what they can from their environment
In comparison to sighted children, children who are blind
are not impaired in language functioning and might even be more motivated than sighted children to use language
a strategy that blind people may use for navigating through their environment
cognitive mapping
can be accomplished by clicking one’s tongue
echolocation
Most professionals now agree that the intelligence of people with blindness
can’t be compared directly to that of people with sight
Many authorities believe that lower achievement scores of students who are blind or who have low vision is most likely due to
low expectations or lack of exposure to braille
Social adjustment problems for children with visual impairment are most likely the result of
society’s reaction to people who are blind
Repetitive movements such as rocking, rubbing the eyes, and grimacing displayed by some people who are blind are known as
stereotypic behaviors
Which of the following special modifications for the student with little to no sight refers to everyday living skills?
O&M
braille used for most everyday situations
literary braille
braille used for mathematical and scientific symbols
Nemeth Code
braille that unifies literary and technical writing
Unified English Braille
The basic unit of braille is a
quadrangular cell containing one to six dots.
Approximately what percentage of the population of school-age children with blindness currently uses braille as a primary reading method?
about 12%
The National Federation of the Blind has had braille bills passed
to ensure that teachers of students with visual impairments are proficient in braille
The major disadvantage of large-print books is that they
take up a great deal of storage space.
Use of compressed speech enables students with blindness to
listen to recorded texts at a faster rate.
Which mobility aid is most often recommended by professionals
the long cane
A disadvantage of using guide dogs is that they
require extensive training for the dog and the owner.
What three things must guide dogs learn?
keep on a direct route, ignoring distractions.
stop at all curbs until told to go.
lie quietly when the handler is sitting down.
These devices can serve the same function as the Perkins Brailler or slate and stylus, but they offer additional speech-synthesizer and word-processing capabilities.
portable braille notetakers
Historically, residential institutions were the preferred means of service delivery because they
offered a number of specialized services in one place
Parents of infants who are blind should focus their initial efforts on
mobility and feeding skills
Name three accommodations that can be made on the job for those who are blind or who have low vision
better lighting.
prompt snow removal.
obstacle-free hallways.
the boundary between the outer and middle ears
eardrum
the part of the ear that protrudes from teh side of the ead
auricle
three tiny bones that together make possible an efficient transfer of sound waves from the eardrumm to the oval window.
ossicles
name the three ossicles or tiny bones in the middle ear
malleus, incus, stapes
malleus
hammer
incus
anvil
stapes
stirrup
located in the upper portion of the inner ear, is responsible for the sense of balance
vistibular mechanism
What percentage of the eye’s focusing power comes from the cornea?
70%
Vision is usually tested with or without corrective lenses
with and without
When she is out in public and receives dollar bills as change, how does the blind person in the video “read” the denominations of the currency?
her iphone
Sign language interpreters use
use a hybrid of ASL and transliteration, Signed American Sign Language (SASL)
