Chapters 7 & 8 Flashcards
What was the setting that got Fidgety Philip into trouble?
dinner with his parents
What did Johnny Head-inAir fall into?
a river
A physician credited with being the first to address the issue of attention deficits in the professional literature is
Melchior Adam Weikard.
Which of the following is a way that Still’s cases were similar to today’s population of persons with ADHD?
Many had average intelligence.
The term perseveration refers to a person’s tendency to
repeat the same behaviors over and over again.
Which term was used before 1960 to describe children with normal intelligence who were inattentive, impulsive, and/or hyperactive?
minimal brain injury
A condition characterized by paralysis, weakness, lack of coordination, and/or other motor dysfunction; caused by damage to the brain before it has matured
cerebral palsy (CP)
A disorder characterized by overt, aggressive, disruptive behavior or covert antisocial acts such as stealing, lying, and fire setting
conduct disorder
Behaviors of distractibility, forced responsiveness to stimuli, and hyperactivity
Strauss syndrome
What label replaced minimal brain injury
hyperactive child syndrome
What do many professionals believe is NOT the primary deficit in ADHD?
hyperactivity
What are the three subdivisions of ADHD according to the American Psychiatric Association’s diagnostic manual EXCEPT
predominantly inattentive type.
predominantly hyperactive-impulsive type.
combined type.
what is the most common disability seen in child guidance clinics?
ADHD
Students with ADHD receive special education services under the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) in which category?
OHI (other health impaired)
ADHD occurs in more frequently in boys with estimates of
2 to 1
Do statistics show that ADHD is largely a US phenomenon.
no
What are are the four important components of assessing whether a student has ADHD?
a medical examination.
a clinical interview.
teacher and parent rating scales.
behavioral observations.
Is there a neurological basis for ADHD?
yes
Research indicates that ADHD most likely results from
neurological dysfunction and heredity
The part of the brain responsible for executive functions such as the ability to regulate one’s behavior is the
frontol lobes
The basal ganglia and the cerebellum are responsible for
coordination and control of motor behavior.
An organ at the base of the brain responsible for coordination and movement; site of abnormal development in persons with ADHD
cerebellum
Chemicals that help in the sending of messages between neurons in the brain are called
neurotransmitters
Two neurotransmitters involved in sending messages between neurons and the brain that is found in abnormal levels in people with ADHD is
dopamine and noradrenaline
How many genes may be involved in ADHD - specifically in the way that neurotransmitters move from neuron to neuron?
at least 20
study of the structure and function of genes at the molecular level
molecular genetics
Research indicates that some children with ADHD have higher levels of which toxin in their blood?
lead
What are two other possible causes of ADHD?
complications at birth and low birth weight
the ability to regulate one’s behavior through working memory, inner speech, control of emotions and arousal levels, and analysis of problems and communication of problem solutions to others; delayed or impaired in people with ADHD
executive functions
the ability to stop an intended response, to stop an ongoing response, to guard an ongoing response from interruption, and to refrain from responding immediately; allows executive functions to occur; delayed or impaired in those with ADHD
behavioral inhibition
Skills needed to adapt to one’s living environment; usually estimated by an adaptive behavior survey; one of two major components of AAMR definition
adaptive behavior skills
Describe the social behavior of students with ADHD compared to other students with other disabilities
they are more disliked by their peers
ADHD has been shown to often coexist with what three things
learning disabilities
emotional or behavioral disorders
substance abuse
What do some professionals recommend the use of in order to reduce distractions in the classroom for students with ADHD?
cubicles
evaluation that consists of finding out the consequences, antecedents, and setting events that maintain inappropriate behaviors
functional behavioral assessment (FBA)
rewards based on use of self-management techniques
contingency-based self-management
What are some tips for helping kids stay organized and follow directions?
Schedule Organize everyday items Use homework and notebook organizers Be clear and consistent Give praise or rewards when rules are followed
Most students with ADHD spend most of their time in what kind of setting?
general education
Medications that activate dopamine levels in the frontal and prefrontal areas of the brain that control behavior inhibition, and executive functions
psycholstimulants
Name a drug prescribed for ADHD that is not a stimulant
strattera
Name three drugs prescribed for ADHD that are stimulants
ritalin, adderall, vyvanse
The most frequently prescribed types of medication for students with ADHD are
psycholstimulants
What are some benefits to a child with ADHD taking Ritalin?
better results on parent and teacher rating scales improved academic achievement improved classroom behavior improved on-task behavior improved grades improved written-language work
What are some negative side effects that may occur in some children who take Ritalin?
insomnia reduction in appetite abdominal pain headaches irritability
For students with ADHD, assessment of progress is similar to
the approaches used for students with learning disabilities.
Momentary time sampling is —— to capture a representative sample of a target behavior over a specified period of time.
an interval recording procedure
Diagnosis of young children with ADHD is particularly difficult because
many preschoolers without ADHD exhibit a great deal of activity and impulsivity.
The most obvious problem of children with E/BD is
lack of close emotional ties.
The problematic behavior of children and youth with E/BD tends to be
episodic, highly variable, and situation specific.
Usually the problems of EBD arise as a result of
both the misbehavior and the mismanagement of the behavior.
A behavior disorder refers to what three things?
behavior that goes to an extreme.
a problem that is chronic.
behavior that is unacceptable because of social or cultural expectations.
List some of the signs to look for when determining if a child has a conduct disorder.
aggressive and harmful behavior destructive behavior lying and theft violation of rules early substance abuse early sexual activity
Two broad dimensions of behavior disorders are
internalizing and externalizing
co-occurrence of two or more conditions in the same individual
comorbidity
delusions and hallucinations
tendency to withdraw into their own private worlds
severe disorder of thinking
schizophrenia
According to the federal government, what percentage of the school-age population is identified for special education services under the category of “emotional disturbance”?
less than 1%
What percentage of the school aged population exhibits serious and persistent emotional/behavioral problems, according to credible studies in the US and other countries?
6-10%
The causes of E/BD have been attributed to what four things?
biological disorders and diseases.
pathological family relationships.
undesirable school experiences.
negative cultural influences.
In the majority of cases, the cause of E/BD is
unknown
Despite problems in defining E/BD, most children with severe E/BD are easily recognized because
their behavior attracts immediate attention.
Most professionals believe that aggression is
a learned behavior
What are some proper ways to respond to aggression?
providing examples of nonaggressive responses in aggression-provoking circumstances.
role-playing nonaggressive behavior with him.
preventing him from receiving positive consequences for aggression.
What is one of the leading causes of death among young people
suicide
All credible conceptual models of education have two objectives. They are
controlling misbehavior and teaching academic and social skills.
