Chapters 1 & 2 Flashcards
At least _ of every 10 school age students in the United States is considered exceptional.
2
Most exceptional learners …
Are average in more ways than they are not.
Describe the difference between handicap and disability.
Disabilities are an inability to do something (impairments), while handicaps are disadvantages imposed on an individual.
A six-month old child who cannot walk or talk would best be described as having what?
Age appropriate inability
Although no two students are alike, to be legally considered “exceptional” for purposes of their program, students must what?
Require special educational services to achieve
When special education works as it should, the outcome for students is what?
Improved achievement and behavior
By federal law, when is a student eligible for special education?
When careful assessment indicated she or she is unable to make satisfactory progress in the regular school program.
Describe the “typical” student who receives special education services.
Joe is an elementary student with a learning disability
What does prevalence refer to?
The percentage of a population having a particular exceptionality
At present, about how many students in the United States receive special education?
Over 6 million
The number of students identified as having a learning disability …
Has more than doubled since the mid-1970s
Dramatic increases in prevalence figures since 1995 have been recorded for children identified as having what?
Autism spectrum disorder
Is a disability always a handicap?
No
What is the best definition of special education?
Specially designed instruction that meets individual needs of exceptional students
Define special education
specially designed instruction that meets individual needs of exceptional students
What is the single most important goal of special education?
finding and capitalizing on exceptional students abilities
In the pre-revolutionary era in Europe and America, what goal predominated in the actions of society towards people with disabilities
protection
Contemporary educational methods for exceptional children can be traced directly to techniques pioneered during what time period?
early 1800s
Who is credited for special education as we know it today.?
Jean-Marc-Gaspard Itard
Itard is best know for his work with
Victor, the “wild boy of Aveyron”
Most of the earliest special educators were trained as what?
physicians
The U.S. physician, educator, and political and social reformer who taught Laura Bridgman (who was deaf and blind) and helped found the Perkins School for the Blind was who?
Samuel Gridley Howe
List three practices that promote integration
normalization, inclusion, mainstreaming
What does deinstitutionalization refers to the movement away from what
placement in large residential facilities
When did deinstitutionalizing begin?
1960s
Who was the founder of the Special Olympics?
Eunice Kennedy Shriver
Name an accomplishment associated with the Americans with Disabilities Act.
requirement that public transportation be made accessible to people with disabilities
What federal provision requires that children with disabilities be provided with a free, appropriate public education?
Individuals with Disabilities Education Act
Name three provisions of IDEA.
Least restrictive environment (LRE)
Individualized education program (IEP)
Confidentiality
During the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the courts typically found that disruptive children or those with mental retardation (intellectual disabilities) could …
be excluded from school for the sake of preserving order
Advances in drug treatments appear to hold the potential for a cure for
muscular dystrophy
a requirement for states to identify and evaluate all children who may have a disability
child find
a multidisciplinary team to determine if the student has a disability and if he needs special education or related services
eligibility determination
a request for evaluation by the general education teacher or parent
referral
the results of this help to determine the student’s eligibility for special education and related services
evaluation
ensures that students receive evidence based instruction before they are evaluated for special education
prereferral
the process of determining whether or not a child has a disability based on how the child responds to scientific research based interventions
RTI - response to intervention
Name three purposes pre-referral teams serve
reducing the number of referrals to special education
establishing “ownership” of students with disabilities by general educators
recommending strategies for working with children who exhibit academic and behavioral problems
Response to intervention (RTI) is a preferred model most often used in determining whether a child has a specific learning disability. What does this model assume?
the general education teacher’s instruction is evidence-based and of high quality
RTI can be applied to what two things?
social behavior and academic learning
Frequent measures that provide information on whether a student is learning as expected
progress monitoring assessments
What type of assessment is given to an entire group of students?
screening
Early intervening services put a particular emphasis on students in what grades?
two through six
Is there evidence to determine the effectiveness of the RTI?
no
What is the legal document that describes the educational services a student receives?
IEP Individualized education program
Are IEPs sometimes written for the wrong reasons and at the wrong time for the student?
yes
A common error in writing an IEP is a reliance on what?
state standards
Who serves on an IEP team?
parent or guardian, provider of special education, general education teacher
changes in instruction that don’t significantly change the content or difficulty level of the curriculum
accommodations
amended materials or assignments
modifications
two or more professionals deliver instruction to a diverse group of students in one classroom
co-teaching or cooperative teaching
an arrangement where teachers recruit and train peers to help teach an academic or social skill to a classmate
peer-mediated instruction
teachers provide choices for assignments on a single topic that vary in difficulty
tiered assignments
an instructional strategy for integrating students with disabilities into groups of non disabled peers
cooperative learning
involves more significant modifications of instruction than accomodations
adaptions
disabled students participate on a reduced basis in most activities in the general ed classroom
partial participation
the special ed teacher acts as an expert who provides advice to the general ed teacher
collaborative consultation
List the steps of the special education process in order
- Identification and referral
- Evaluation
- Determination of eligibility
- Development of an individualized education program (IEP) and determination of services
- Reevaluation
List the 8 special education place options in order from least specialized and least separate to the most specialized and most separate placement
- general education class only
- general education class with consultation or co-teaching
- itinerant teacher
- resource teacher
- self-contained special class
- special day school
- homebound or hospital instruction
- residential school
What phrase do educators prefer over “least restrictive environment”?
most enabling environment
the method of teaching students with disabilities in the same environment as their age peers who don’t have disabilities
inclusion
List the eight ways that all teachers should participate in educating exceptional students
- Make maximum effort to accommodate individual students’ needs.
- Evaluate academic abilities and disabilities.
- Refer for evaluation.
- Participate in eligibility conferences.
- Participate in writing individualized education programs.
- Communicate with parents or guardians.
- Participate in due process hearings and negotiations.
- Collaborate with other professionals in identifying and making maximum use of exceptional students’ abilities
List three statements about common core state standards initiative and special education
Some are fearful that the standards will not be in the best interest of many students with disabilities.
There is a heavy emphasis on access to the general education curriculum for students with disabilities.
Questions remain, such as should special accommodations be made in assessing progress toward a standard.
List three examples of accomodations
altering the time given for responding
changing the setting in which assessment is done
using an alternative format for presentation of tasks or the type of response allowed
Standardized test should be used to do what
compare students with disabilities before and after they receive special instruction
disorder which results in the absence of all four limbs
tetra-amelia
an inability to do something
disability
a disadvantage imposed on an individual
handicap
define inclusion
mainstreaming; the idea of placing students with disabilities in general education classes and other school activities
What condition results in the largest number of children classified as having moderate intellectual and developmental disabilities?
down syndrome
a condition resulting from administration of an excessive concentration of oxygen at birth; causes scar tissue to form behind the lens of the eye
Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP)
A metabolic genetic disorder caused by the inability of the body to convert phenylalanine to tyrosine; an accumulation of phenylalanine results in abnormal brain development
Phenylketonuria (PKU)
An inherited disease affecting primarily the gastrointestinal (GI) tract and respiratory organs; characterized by think, sticky mucous that often interferes with breathing or digestion
Cystic fibrosis
A hereditary disease characterized by progressive weakness caused by degeneration of muscle fibers
Muscular dystrophy
A condition characterized by enlargement of the head because of excessive pressure of the cerebrospinal fluid
Hydrocephalus
Also know as Public Las 94-142, which became law in 1975 and is no know as the individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA). Retitled in 1990 and reauthorized in 1997 and 2004
Education for All Handicapped Children Act
Replaced Education for All Handicapped Children Act. Requires that to receive funds under the act, every school system in the nation must provide a free, appropriate public education for every child between the ages of three and twenty one, regardless of how seriously he or she is disabled
Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA)
The IDEA was reauthorized in 2004 and tilted as this
Individuals with Disabilities Improvement Act (IDEIA)
quick measures administered to determine who may need further assessment
screening instruments
measures that teachers administer at frequent, regular intervals and that provide information on whether a student is learning as expected. These assessments may be given to a large number of students in a short period of time
progress monitoring
A formative evaluation method designed to evaluate performance in the curriculum to which students are exposed
Curriculum-based measurement (CBM)
IDEA allows for academic or behavioral supports or related services for students in grades K-12 – with an emphasis on K-3 – be provided for students who have not yet been identified as having a disability but need these supports to be successful in the general education curriculum
Early Intervening Services
A plan mandated by PL 99-457 to provide services for young children with disabilities (under three years of age) and their families
Individualized family service plan (IFSP)
A plan defined in the student’s IEP that specifies students’ goals and services related to transitioning from high school to post-high school experiences
Transition plan
A method of integrating people with disabilities who cannot work independently into competitive employment; includes use of an employment specialist, or job coach, who helps the person with a disability function on the job
supported employment
peers of disabled students who assist the teacher
peer confederates
An instructional procedure in which all students in the class are involved in tutoring and being tutored by classmates on specific skills as directed by their teacher
Classwide peer tutoring (CWPT)
What are four additional expectations for special educators
- Instructing students with learning problems, using evidence-based practices
- Managing serious behavior problems
- Evaluating technological advances
- Knowing special education law
Designing lessons that are appropriate for all learners
Universal design for learning (UDL)
A surgical procedure that allows people who are deaf to hear some environmental sounds
cochlear implants
A collection of states that are developing a common assessment to accompany the Common Core State Standards
Smarter Balanced Assessment Consortium (SBAC)
