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Psychology > Chapters 8 & 9 Test Review > Flashcards

Chapters 8 & 9 Test Review Flashcards

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1
Q

Most psychologists believe that the differences in IQ scores among people are the result of both __________ and __________.

A

Environment; heredity

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2
Q

Graduates of Head Start centers are more likely to __________, __________ and __________.

A

Finish high school; attend college; earn higher incomes

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3
Q

Most adoptee studies show that the IQs of adopted children are more like those of their __________.

A

Biological parents

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4
Q

The Seattle Study found that intelligence can be maintained among older adults if they have __________, __________, and __________.

A

Flexible personalities; attend cultural events; have an intact family life

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5
Q

The __________ and __________ influence the development of a child’s intelligence

A

Home environment; styles of parenting

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6
Q

Hinship studies have shows that the groups with the most similar IQ scares were __________.

A

Identical twins

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7
Q

The Wechsler scale consists of subtests that measure __________ and __________ skills.

A

Verbal; performance

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8
Q

Mental retardation is caused by __________, __________, and __________.

A

Difficulties during childbirth; drug and alcohol abuse by pregnant women; genetic disorders

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9
Q

Constant supervision and care is required for people who are __________.

A

Severely retarded

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10
Q

The distribution IQ scores on a graph looks like a __________.

A

Bell curve

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11
Q

Mildly retarded adults are often able to __________, __________, and __________.

A

Read and do math; hold jobs; take care of themselves

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12
Q

Rober Sternberg’s model of intelligence includes __________, __________, and __________ abilities.

A

Analytical; creative; practical

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13
Q

One of the main purposes of intelligence tests is to identify people with very __________ and __________ IQs.

A

low; high

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14
Q

Intelligence involves the ability to __________, __________, and __________.

A

Learn from experience; think rationally; deal effectively with the environment

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15
Q

About half of the people who take the Wechsler tests score between __________ and __________.

A

90; 100

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16
Q

Alfred Binet designed his aptitude tests for children of different age levels because he assumed __________.

A

That intelligence increased with age

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17
Q

Studies have shown that musical ability may be linked to __________ ability.

A

Spatial reasoning

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18
Q

Psychologist __________ believed that intelligence was made up of 2 factors

A

Charles Spearman

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19
Q

Sensitivity to other people’s feelings and the ability to respond to them appropriately are components of the seven intelligences described by __________.

A

Howard Gardner

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20
Q

Psychologists Louis Thurstone believed that a person’s intelligence was __________, __________ and __________.

A

made up of 9 primary mental abilities; could make them good at one skill and bad at another; include the ability to use deductive and inductive reasoning

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21
Q

After scientists collect information to support a theory, they can still never be sure that __________.

A

It is true in all cases

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22
Q

A morpheme generally consists of a __________, __________ and __________.

A

Single letter; multiple letters; letters that form a prefix or a suffix

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23
Q

People tend to be overconfident of their reasoning because __________, __________, and, __________.

A

they do not realize how flimsy their evidence is; ignore examples that conflict with their opinion; tend to bring about things they believe in

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24
Q

A person’s “__________” tends to make him or her solve problems by trying an approach that was successfully used with a similar problem.

A

Mental set

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25
Q

In inductive reasoning, the tendency to prove the hypotheses correct is known as __________.

A

Confirmation bias

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26
Q

__________ make concepts easier to understand by allowing us to picture a specific example of the concept.

A

Prototypes

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27
Q

Psychologist believe that a __________ is most easily learned during early __________.

A

Second language; childhood

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28
Q

A __________ may help in solving a problem by helping a person visualize the best course of action.

A

Balance sheet

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29
Q

Young children often exhibit the behavior of __________, in which they try to talk about more things than they have words for.

A

Overextension

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30
Q

The mental activity involved in communicating information is __________.

A

Thinking

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31
Q

Studies suggest that __________ increases children’s expertise in their native language.

A

Bilingualism

32
Q

The most realizable approach to solving a problem is the __________.

A

Algorithm

33
Q

Creative problem solving involves __________ thinking.

A

Divergent

34
Q

Young children who have just learned grammar rules often incorrectly use words that they __________.

A

Had used correctly before

35
Q

A person’s inborn tendency to acquire a language is known as the __________ (LAD).

A

Language acquisition device

36
Q

Most psychologists argue that chimpanzees cannot truly speak a language because the animals cannot __________.

A

Combine symbols in original, grammatically correct ways.

37
Q

The __________ helps people make decisions baded on the population that seems to apply to the problems.

A

Representativeness heuristics

38
Q

__________ can become an obstacle to solving a problem.

A

Functional fixedness

39
Q

The beginning of true language in babies occurs when they start learning __________.

A

sounds

40
Q

People with IQs __________ or above are considered __________.

A

130; gifted

41
Q

A person’s __________ include visual and spatial ability, perceptual speed, numerical ability, verbal meaning, memory, and word fluency.

A

Primary mental abilities

42
Q

__________ argues that __________ intelligence is just as important as mental abilities.

A

Daniel Goleman; emotional

43
Q

Gifted people are morel likely to be more creative than people of __________ intelligence.

A

Average

44
Q

Psychologist Robert Sternberg described a __________, or 3-level model of intelligence.

A

Triarchic

45
Q

The ability to invent new solutions to problems

A

Creativity

46
Q

A __________ is a person who has a mental retardation yet who also exhibits an extraordinary skill.

A

Savant

47
Q

Study of meaning

A

Semantics

48
Q

The way in which words are arranged to make phrases or sentences

A

Syntax

49
Q

A basic fact that gives information for drawing conclusions is called a __________.

A

Premise

50
Q

People often solve problems by trying the same solution that worked for a similar problem. This is known as solving problems by __________.

A

Analogy

51
Q

Break a problem down into parts and try to solve each part individually

A

Means-End Analysis

52
Q

Specific procedures needed to solve a problem

A

Algorithms

53
Q

Thinking involves __________ similar objects, events and ideas into __________.

A

Mentally grouping; concepts

54
Q

Intellectual level at which a person is functioning

A

Mental Age

55
Q

Comparison of test scores of a person taking the same test at different times

A

Test-retest reliability

56
Q

Number that represents the relationship between mental age and actual age

A

Intelligence quotient

57
Q

Extent to which genetic factors can explain traits that vary from person to person

A

Heritability

58
Q

Most widely used intelligence test

A

Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale

59
Q

Type of intelligence that is involved in success in schools and on the job.

A

Emotional Intelligence

60
Q

Knowledge and skills gained from experience

A

Achievement

61
Q

Possessing outstanding talent or potential to achieve at high levels

A

Gifted

62
Q

An IQ at or below 70

A

Mental Retardation

63
Q

First modern intelligence test

A

Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale

64
Q

Following many leads and using free association to solve a problem

A

Divergent Thinking

65
Q

Applying a language’s regular rules of grammar to all words that do not fit the rule

A

Overregularization

66
Q

An example that best represents a particular concept

A

Prototype

67
Q

Difference reduction

A

Problem solving method that identifies goals and the steps needed to reach the.

68
Q

Allows a person to solve a problem without consciously working on it.

A

Incubation effect

69
Q

Tendency to think of an object as being used only for its usual purpose

A

Functional fixedness

70
Q

Thinking about only the available facts to solve a problem

A

Convergent thinking

71
Q

Unit of sound in a language

A

Phoneme

72
Q

Rule of thumb, or shortcut, used to solve a problem

A

Heuristic

73
Q

Unit of meaning in a language

A

Morpheme

74
Q

Drawing of conclusions of inferences from facts, observations, or assumptions

A

Reasoning

75
Q

David Wechsler designed the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale in order to produce a __________ IQ score, a __________ IQ score, and a __________ IQ score.

A

General; verbal; performance

Psychology (7 decks)

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