Chapter 6 Test

Question 1

The process of jumping rope is an example of __________.

Answer 1

Shaping

Question 2

A conditioned response may be extinguished when a(n) __________ is no longer paired with a(n) __________.

Answer 2

Conditioned Response; Unconditioned Response

Question 3

The __________ provides reinforcement at any time.

Answer 3

Variable-Ratio Schedule

Question 4

The PQ4R is an effective study method because it is based on __________.

Answer 4

Active Learning

Question 5

An effective method for dealing with a misbehaving elementary-school student is __________.

Answer 5

Positive Reinforcement

Question 6

A slot machine provides reinforcement to players based on a __________ schedule.

Answer 6

Variable-Ratio

Question 7

Classical conditioning is useful to animals and people because it helps them __________, __________, and __________.

Answer 7

Adapt to their environment; Avoid poisonous foods; Deal with dangerous situations

Question 8

In John B. Watson and Rosalie Rayner’s experiment, “__________” began to fear all objects that were white and furry becasue of __________.

Answer 8

Little Albert; Generalization

Question 9

Through __________, people learn to control voluntary responses.

Answer 9

Operant Conditioning

Question 10

Classical conditioning can be applied to help overcome fears using the method of __________, __________ ,and __________.

Answer 10

Flooding; Systematic Desensitization; Counter Conditioning

Question 11

Cognitive psychologists view __________ as purposeful.

Answer 11

Learning

Question 12

Spontaneous recovery can occur when the __________.

Answer 12

Continued stimulus starts again

Question 13

A process by which a stimulus increases the chances of a preceding behavior occurring again

Answer 13

Reinforcement

Question 14

A __________ occurs as a result of pairing an unconditioned stimulus with a conditioned stimulus.

Answer 14

Conditioned Response

Question 15

Psychologists E.C. Tolman did experiments on rats that showed that __________.

Answer 15

Reinforcement is not always necessary for learning

Question 16

B.F. Skinner designed a device called a “__________” for an educational method known as __________.

Answer 16

Teaching machine; programmed learning

Question 17

Ivan Pavlov’s experiments with dogs yielded information about __________.

Answer 17

Classical Conditioning

Question 18

Primary and secondary reinforcers are important in __________.

Answer 18

Operant Conditioning

Question 19

Type of learning that occurs when a person observes and imitates others

Answer 19

Observational Learning

Question 20

A stimulus that becomes associated with an unconditioned stimulus to produce a conditioned response

Answer 20

Conditioned Stimulus

Question 21

Increase the frequency of the behavior it follows when it is removed

Answer 21

Negative Reinforcers

Question 22

Steps of the PQ4R: __________, __________, __________, __________, __________ and __________.

Answer 22

Previewing, Questioning, Reading, Reflecting, Reciting, Reviewing

Question 23

Reinforcement that occurs when a behavior is reinforced every time it occurs

Answer 23

Continuous Reinforcement

Question 24

Something that produces a response

Answer 24

Stimulus

Question 25

Reinforcements are applied with a set amount of time between them

Answer 25

Fixed-Interval Schedule

Question 26

Increases the frequency of the behavior it follows when it is applied

Answer 26

Positive Reinforcer

Question 27

Is learned and becomes effective by being paired with such reinforcers as food and shelter

Answer 27

Secondary Reinforcer

Question 28

A response that is automatic, or not learned

Answer 28

Unconditioned Response

Question 29

Method of teaching complex behaviors by breaking them down into manageable parts

Answer 29

Shaping

Question 30

A form of learning that keeps knowledge hidden until it is needed

Answer 30

Latent Learning

Question 31

Involves exposing a person to a harmless stimulus until he or she is no longer afraid of it

Answer 31

Flooding

Question 32

Reinforcements are provided only after a certain amount of correct responses have been made

Answer 32

Fixed-Ratio Schedule

Question 33

Method of overcoming fears by paring a pleasant stimulus with a feared one

Answer 33

Counterconditioning

Question 34

Form of classical conditioning in which a food comes to be avoided

Answer 34

Taste Aversion

Question 35

Method that involves relaxation and gradual exposure to a feared stimulus

Answer 35

Systematic Desensitization

Question 36

Form of learning based on the consequences of actions

Answer 36

Operant Conditioning

Question 37

Act of responding differently to stimuli that are not similar

Answer 37

Discrimination

Question 38

Revival of an extinguished response

Answer 38

Spontaneous recovery

Question 39

Act of responding differently to stimuli that seem similar

Answer 39

Generalization

Question 40

__________ believe that observable events and acts are the focus of psychological research

Answer 40

Behaviorists

Question 41

Weakening and eventual disappearance of a learned response

Answer 41

Extinction

Question 42

When a response is first acquired, learning is usually most rapid if the response is __________.

Answer 42

Reinforced on a continuous reinforcement schedule

Question 43

__________ of punishment is more important than __________ of punishment.

Answer 43

Consistency; Severity