Chapter 6 Test Flashcards
The process of jumping rope is an example of __________.
Shaping
A conditioned response may be extinguished when a(n) __________ is no longer paired with a(n) __________.
Conditioned Response; Unconditioned Response
The __________ provides reinforcement at any time.
Variable-Ratio Schedule
The PQ4R is an effective study method because it is based on __________.
Active Learning
An effective method for dealing with a misbehaving elementary-school student is __________.
Positive Reinforcement
A slot machine provides reinforcement to players based on a __________ schedule.
Variable-Ratio
Classical conditioning is useful to animals and people because it helps them __________, __________, and __________.
Adapt to their environment; Avoid poisonous foods; Deal with dangerous situations
In John B. Watson and Rosalie Rayner’s experiment, “__________” began to fear all objects that were white and furry becasue of __________.
Little Albert; Generalization
Through __________, people learn to control voluntary responses.
Operant Conditioning
Classical conditioning can be applied to help overcome fears using the method of __________, __________ ,and __________.
Flooding; Systematic Desensitization; Counter Conditioning
Cognitive psychologists view __________ as purposeful.
Learning
Spontaneous recovery can occur when the __________.
Continued stimulus starts again
A process by which a stimulus increases the chances of a preceding behavior occurring again
Reinforcement
A __________ occurs as a result of pairing an unconditioned stimulus with a conditioned stimulus.
Conditioned Response
Psychologists E.C. Tolman did experiments on rats that showed that __________.
Reinforcement is not always necessary for learning
B.F. Skinner designed a device called a “__________” for an educational method known as __________.
Teaching machine; programmed learning
Ivan Pavlov’s experiments with dogs yielded information about __________.
Classical Conditioning
Primary and secondary reinforcers are important in __________.
Operant Conditioning
Type of learning that occurs when a person observes and imitates others
Observational Learning
A stimulus that becomes associated with an unconditioned stimulus to produce a conditioned response
Conditioned Stimulus
Increase the frequency of the behavior it follows when it is removed
Negative Reinforcers
Steps of the PQ4R: __________, __________, __________, __________, __________ and __________.
Previewing, Questioning, Reading, Reflecting, Reciting, Reviewing
Reinforcement that occurs when a behavior is reinforced every time it occurs
Continuous Reinforcement
Something that produces a response
Stimulus
Reinforcements are applied with a set amount of time between them
Fixed-Interval Schedule
Increases the frequency of the behavior it follows when it is applied
Positive Reinforcer
Is learned and becomes effective by being paired with such reinforcers as food and shelter
Secondary Reinforcer
A response that is automatic, or not learned
Unconditioned Response
Method of teaching complex behaviors by breaking them down into manageable parts
Shaping
A form of learning that keeps knowledge hidden until it is needed
Latent Learning
Involves exposing a person to a harmless stimulus until he or she is no longer afraid of it
Flooding
Reinforcements are provided only after a certain amount of correct responses have been made
Fixed-Ratio Schedule
Method of overcoming fears by paring a pleasant stimulus with a feared one
Counterconditioning
Form of classical conditioning in which a food comes to be avoided
Taste Aversion
Method that involves relaxation and gradual exposure to a feared stimulus
Systematic Desensitization
Form of learning based on the consequences of actions
Operant Conditioning
Act of responding differently to stimuli that are not similar
Discrimination
Revival of an extinguished response
Spontaneous recovery
Act of responding differently to stimuli that seem similar
Generalization
__________ believe that observable events and acts are the focus of psychological research
Behaviorists
Weakening and eventual disappearance of a learned response
Extinction
When a response is first acquired, learning is usually most rapid if the response is __________.
Reinforced on a continuous reinforcement schedule
__________ of punishment is more important than __________ of punishment.
Consistency; Severity
