Chapter 6 Vocabulary Quiz Flashcards
A type of counter-conditioning in which a pleasant, relaxed state is associated with gradually increasing anxiety-triggering stimuli.
Systematic Desensitization
An originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus, comes to trigger a conditioned response.
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
A relatively permanent change in an organism’s behavior due to experience.
Learning
Learned avoidance of a particular food - a form of classical conditioning.
Taste Aversion
An event that decreases the behavior that it follows.
Punishment
The act of responding in the same way to stimuli that seem similar, even if the stimuli are not identical.
Generalization
Associating a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus so that the netural stimulus comes to cause a conditioned response.
Acquisition
Learning that certain events occur together.
Associative Learning
Exposing a person to the harmless stimulus until fear responses to that stimulus are extinguished.
Flooding
A procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior.
Shaping
An innately reinforcing stimuli.
Primary Reinforcer
An act of responding differently to stimuli that are not similar to each other.
Discrimination
Organisms associate their own actions with consequences: Behaviors followed by reinforcers increase; those followed by punishers decrease.
Operant Conditioning
A desire to perform a behavior due to promised rewards or threats of punishment.
Extrinsic Motivation
When the conditioned stimulus (CS) is disconnected from the unconditioned stimulus (US).
Extinction
The learned response to a previously neutral (but now conditioned) stimulus.
Conditioned Response (CR)
A type of learning in which an organism comes to associate stimuli.
Classical Conditioning
Strengthens a response by reducing or removing an aversive (undesirable) stimulus.
Negative Reinforcement
The unlearned, naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus (US).
Unconditioned Response (UR)
Behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus.
Respondent Behavior
Learning that becomes apparent only when there is some incentive to demonstrate it.
Latent Learning
Strengthens a response by presenting a typically pleasurable stimulus after a response.
Positive Reinforcement
The reappearance of a (weakened) CR after a pause.
Spontaneous Recovery
A desire to perform a behavior for its own sake.
Intrinsic Behavior
Behavior that operates on the environment, producing consequences.
Operant Behavior
A mental representation of the layout of one’s own environment.
Cognitive Map
A stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer.
Conditioned Reinforcer
Any event that strengthens, or increases the frequency of, a preceding response.
Reinforcement
Reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs.
Continuous Reinforcement
A stimulus that unconditionally-naturally and automatically-triggers a response.
Unconditioned Stimulus (US)
Reinforcing a response only part of the time; results in slower acquisition of a response but much greater resistance to extinction than does continuous reinforcement.
Partial (Intermittent) Reinforcement
