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Biology 101 > Chapters 8-10 > Flashcards

Chapters 8-10 Flashcards

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1
Q

Mitosis

A

somatic cells; asexual vs. multi-celled eukaryotes: increase in body size in growth; replacement of dead cells; repair of damaged tissues

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2
Q

Chromosome #

A

sum of chromosomes in cells of a given type (human haploid: 46)

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3
Q

nucleosome

A

each histone-DNA spool

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4
Q

cell cycle (mitosis)

A

P,M,A,T,G1,S,G2 Early P: DNA condenses Late P: chromosomes continue to condense; new microtubules assemble; nuclear envelope breaks Transition to M: microtubules penetrate nuclear region; bipolar spindle apparatus M: chromosomes lined up at spindle equator A: microtubules move to opp. spindle poles T: patches of new membrane fuse to form a nuclear envelope

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5
Q

spindle apparatus

A

moves chromosomes during mitosis

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6
Q

cytokinesis

A

cytoplasmic division: plants (vesicles form cell plate at spindle equator) animals (ring of microfilaments attached to plasma membrane contracts; cleavage furrow)

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7
Q

Allele

A

each unique molecular form of the same gene

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8
Q

PMA1 vs mitosis

A

homologous chromosomes align upon metaphase plate; sister chromatids aren’t divided

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9
Q

crossing over in prophase I

A

interaction between 2 nonsister chromatids of a pair of homologous chromosomes; genetic recombination a chromosome and a homologous partner trade segments to produce a genetic variation, yielding an infinite variation of cells

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10
Q

Meiosis I vs. meiosis II

A

I: duplicated chromosomes align w/ partner (homologue to homologue) II: two sister chromatids of each chromosome separate

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11
Q

metaphase I alignments

A

random attachment and subsequent positioning

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12
Q

spores

A

haploid resting cells; resist adverse environmental conditions

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13
Q

sperm & oocyte

A

4 spermatoids vs. 3 polar bodies + 1 ovum

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14
Q

fertilization

A

female & male gametes unite and their haploid fuse

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15
Q

only clones

A

mitotic cell division

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16
Q

meiosis variation

A
  1. crossing over 2. random assignment 3. diff. combos during fertilization
17
Q

sexual reproduction requirements

A

meiosis, gamete formation, & fertilization

18
Q

homologous chromosomes

A

carry same genes, same length/shape, interact at meiosis

19
Q

gene

A

unit of info about specific traits; has specific locus on a chromosome

20
Q

diploid chromosome #

A

cell has pairs of genes on pais of homologous chromosomes

21
Q

true breeding lineage vs. hybrid offspring

A

true-breeding: inherit pair of identical alleles generationally hybrid: inherit a pair of nonidentical alleles for a trait

22
Q

AA vs. aa vs. Aa

A

homozygous dominant vs. homozygous recessive vs. heterozygous

23
Q

genotype vs. phenotype

A

genotype: particular alleles phenotype: individual’s observable traits

24
Q

testcross

A

organism shows dominance for a specified trait but its genotype is unknown; crossed with known homozygous recessive allele

25
Q

Mendel’s theory of segregation

A

Diploid cells have pairs of genes on pairs of homologous chromosomes Genes of each pair are separated from each other during meiosis, ending in diff. gametes

26
Q

Mendel’s theory of independent assortment

A

By the end of meiosis, genes on pairs of homologous chromosomes have been sorted for distribution into gametes independent of how other pairs were sorted

27
Q

incomplete dominance

A

one allele pair isn’t fully dominant over its partner; heterozygous phenotype somewhere between 2 homozygous (red, pink, white; 1:2:1)

28
Q

codominance

A

a pair of nonidentical alleles specify 2 phenotypes (expressed in heterozygous) e.g. 3 alleles I_A, I_B, i: A, AB, B, O multiple allele system

29
Q

pleiotrophy

A

phenotypic outcome of a single gene’s activity

30
Q

epistasis

A

interactions between the product of pairs of genes

31
Q

continuation variation

A

outcome of the # of genes affecting a trait & the # of environmental factors influencing their expression

32
Q

polygenic

A

describes how several genes result in a single trait; graph ppl of a polygenic trait to create a bell curve (e.g. eye color, height)

Biology 101 (9 decks)

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